Transcript burundi`s water resource management in the context of the nile basin.

BURUNDI’S WATER RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF
THE NILE BASIN.
PROF. PASCAL NKURUNZIZA, BURUNDI
UNIVERSITY, OLD NILE
CONTENT
 CONTEXT OF THE STUDY
 OBJECTIVS OF THE STUDY
 GEOGRAPHIE POSITION
 WATER RESOURCE SITUATION IN BURUNDI
 BURUNDI’S WATER RESOURCE IN THE FRAMEWORK
OF THE NILE BASIN
 WATER SUPPLY AND WATER DEMAND IN BURUNDI
 CLIMATE CHANGE AND IMPACT ON WATER RESOURCE
IN BURUNDI AND IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE NILE
 SOME CONSIDERATIONS ON BURUNDI’S WATER
MANAGEMENT ( IWRM)
CONTEXT OF THE STUDY
FRAMEWORK OF THE NILE BASIN
RESEARCH PROGRAM
 COORDONATOR OF THE PROGRAM: DR
RUNNER NIELSEN
RESEARCH COORDONATOR : PROF. TERJE
TVEDT.

OBJECTIVS OF THE STUDY
 Threats on the Nil River
 Hydrology situation
 Utilization
 Impact of climate change
 Burundi and the Nil (KBO)
THREATS ON NIL RIVER
 Only the Anglo-Belgian treaty (1934) retained the
attention of independent Burundi. This treaty aimed to
regulate the sharing of the Kagera river between the
(British) Tanganyika Territory and (Belgian) RwandaUrundi.
 This treaty stipulated that:
” The Water diverted from a part of the watercourse
situated wholly within either territory shall be returned
without substantial reduction to its natural bed at some
point before such water course flows into the other
territory or at some point before such watercourse
forms the common boundary.”
WATER RESOURCE IN BURUNDI
Groundwater
23%
Surface water
8%
Evapo transpiration
69%
WATER RESOURCE IN BURUNDI
 Lake Tanganyika : constitutes the biggest reserve of
fresh water worldwide (18,900 km3).
 Lake Cohoha (59 sq km): 5 bcm
 Lake Rweru (91 sq km) : 3.7 bcm.
WATER SUPPLY PER BASIN
Kagera
3,155
Km2
912 bcm
Ruvubu
10,063
Km2
3,420 bcm
TOTAL
NIL
BASIN
13,218
Km2
4,532 bcm
Malagar
azi
5262
Km2
1.607 bcm
Rusizi
2.684
Km2
1.672 bcm
Tangan
yika
3.871
Km2
2.450 bcm
TOTAL
CONGO
BASIN
11.817
Km2
5.729 bcm
NIL BASIN (Kagera S/B)
NIL BASIN (Ruvubu S/B)
CONGO BASIN ( Malagarazi S/B)
CONGO BASIN (Rusizi & Tanganyika S/B)
TOTAL RENEWABLE WATER PER YEAR: 10.061 bcm
PROJECTION OF DRINKWATER DEMAND AND
WATER SUPPLY

With a population growth of 3%, the amount of
drinking water needed in urban areas doubles
every ten years. From 22 mcm in 1990,
consumption reached 40 mcm in 2000 and is
expected to reach 70 mcm in 2010. In rural areas,
the growth rate of demand for drinking water is
58% every ten years. Demand increased from 170
mcm in 1990 to 293 mcm in the year 2000 and
may reach 434 mcm in 2010.
Increase of the population compare to the quantity of
water per person in m3/year/inhabitant
PROJECTION OF DRINKWATER DEMAND AND
WATER SUPPLY
4000
3500
Decrease of water per
person in m3/year/inh.
Increase of the population (X104)
3000
2500
Water Stress (< 1700 m3/an/hab.)
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Water shortage (<1000
m3/year/inhab.)
EVOLUTION OF UNDRINKABLE WATER DEMAND
PER SECTOR
67380
67380
Hydropower
SECTORS
35830
Industry
545
544
488
Livestock
958
683
546
2010
2000
Marshes
39054
Irrigation
14153
0
45275
57717
1995
24024
22274
20000
40000
60000
WATER DEMAND IN LITERS/SECOND
80000
EXPLOITATION OF MARSHES AREAS
 Marshlands cover 120,000 ha, or 4.3% of the total surface of
Burundi (lakes excluded). Marshes play an important role
during the long dry season (July-September), as sponges that
store water and retain fine mineral material eroded from
surrounding hills.
 What is the status of the marshes today? Rapid population
growth (3%) has increased pressure on cultivable land,
especially on marshland. Since 1990, marsh cultivation has
increased from about 50% to almost 100%.
 Marshes are very sensitive ecosystems. Water is almost at the
same level with the surface and uncontrolled cultivation can
generate incommensurable ecological imbalances. The
outcome may be the total drying out of the marsh and the loss
of cultivable land.
WATER AND HYDROENERGY
 In 1994 the hydroelectric potential of Burundi was
estimated at 1,371 MW. But in terms of technical
feasibility, only 300 MW could be achievable.
 In 1997 the installed capacity of electrical power was
43 MW, 32 of which came from hydroelectric dams,
the rest from thermal power.
 Hydroelectric production represents only 0.6% of
the country’s power.
OTHER ENERGY SOURCES
 Firewood and charcoal account for 95%.
 Consumption of charcoal is about 2.9 kg per
inhabitant per day.
 Exploitation of peat reserves, estimated at 100
million tons (with 57 million exploitable) might slow
deforestation. At present only one company exploits
peat, producing no more than 12,000 tons a year or a
miniscule 0.04% of the energy consumed in Burundi.
By comparison, imported oil products represent
2.5% of the total energy consumed.
BURUNDI AND THE NILE (KBO PROJECTS)
 Burundi covers 6% of the total surface area of the
Nile basin countries and represent 22% within
the Kagera basin area.
 75% of the Burundian marshlands are located in the
Kagera basin. These represent an important reserve of
water and help feed local populations through
agriculture. The Ruvubu river contributes 2.6 mcm of
water to the flow of the While Nile. Since we know that
the White Nile represents 14% of the total water of the
Nile (84 bcm), we have an idea of the importance of the
Ruvubu. In fact, 22% of the average annual flow of the
White Nile comes from Burundi.
SOME CONSIDERATIONS ON BURUNDI’S
WATER MANAGEMENT
Résultat 1. Prise de conscience et volonté politique
Résultat 9. Renforcement des capacités
Processus de
planification
de GIRE proprement dit
Résultat 3.
Connaissance
de l’existant
Résultat 4.
Problèmes et
défis de la gestion des RE
Résultat 5.
Fonctions
de gestion
des RE
Résultat 7.
Plan d’action
GIRE élaboré
Résultat 8.
Plan d’action
GIRE adopté
Résultat 6.
Opportunités
et contraintes
Résultat 2. Cadre de participation des acteurs
Résultat 10.
Portefeuille de
projets et plan de
financement
Objectif
national de
planification
de la GIRE
CONCLUSION
 Burundi is not running short of water, what Burundi
lacks are the technology and expertise to meet the needs
of its population for drinkable water, irrigation, and
hydroelectric production.
 Burundi need to cooperate with all Nil basin countries in
particular in Energy production and in protection of the
Environment.
 To manage its water, Burundi have to apply the IWRM in
its all components (Legal, institutional and technical
organisation).
 The research must be a priority to go forward in this
water resource management.
THANK YOU
FOR YOUR
ATTENTION