Ventricular Septal Defects
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Transcript Ventricular Septal Defects
Ventricular Septal Defects
ECHO CONFERENCE 5/11/11
DARRYN APPLETON
Outline
Morphology, Types & Pathophysiology
Natural History and Clinical Presentation
Some Echo examples
Clinical Scenarios and Recommendations
Interventions: Indications, Surgery, Percutaneous
Pregnancy and Endocarditis Prophylaxis
Review Questions
Introduction
The most common form of CHD, accounting for up
to 20-40% of patients diagnosed with CHD
Impact may range from asymptomatic to pulmonary
HTN, LV volume overload and RVH
Morphology: 4 types
Membranous – most common type in adults (80%)
Muscular – most common type in young children
Complete AV septal (endocardial cushion) defects
Supracristal (subarterial)
Morphology – The Ventricular Septum
Morphology – The Ventricular Septum
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Membranous
Outflow
Trabecular septum
Inflow
Subarterial /
Supracristal
VSD Types
VSD Types
VSD Types
Pathophysiology
Defect size is often compared to aortic annulus
Large: > 50% of annulus size
Medium: 25-50% of annulus size
Small: <25% of annulus size
Pathophysiology
Restrictive VSD is typically small, such that a
significant pressure gradient exists between the LV
and RV (high velocity), with small shunt (Qp/Qs ≤
1.4 : 1)
Moderately restrictive VSD moderate shunt
(Qp/Qs 1.4 to 2.2 : 1)
Large / non-restrictive VSD large shunt (Qp/Qs >
2.2 : 1)
Eisenmenger VSD irreversible pulmonary HTN
and shunt may be zero or reversed (i.e. RL)
Natural History
Restrictive: typically does not have hemodynamic
impact and may close spontaneously
Location Location Location: Subaortic may result in
progressive AI
Moderately restrictive: does create LV overload and
dysfunction along with variable increase in PVR
Large / non-restrictive: LV volume overload earlier
in life with progressive pulm HTN and ultimately
Eisenmenger syndrome
Clinical Features
Peds:
Murmur
Dyspnea, CHF, Failure to thrive
Adults:
Asymptomatic murmur – harsh, pansystolic, left sternal
border
Mod restrictive – dyspnea, a.fib, displaced apex, murmur, S3
Non-restrictive Eisenmenger VSD – central cyanosis, clubbing,
RV heave, loud P2
Echo Example 1
Echo Example 1
t
Outlet VSD – Para long axis
Echo Example 2
Echo Example 2
Echo Example 2
Supracristal VSD, with pulm outflow tract obstruction
Echo Example 3
Echo Example 3
Echo Example 3
Echo Example 3
Echo Example 3
Echo Example 3
Type:
Size:
Membranous
Restrictive
Echo Example 4
Echo Example 4
Echo Example 3
Type: Muscular
Size:
Large / Non-restrictive
Shunt: RL (inc RH pressures)
RV dilated
Eisenmengers
Clinical Scenarios & Recommendations
Symptomatic young infant with Pulm HTN
Early surgery within 3 months.
Medical therapy with diuretics +/- ACEI pre-op
Asymptomatic pt without Pulm HTN but with LV
overload
Closure usually recommended to avoid late LV dysfunction
Asymptomatic pt, small VSD, no LV dilation
Conservative
Asymptomatic pt, small VSD but with AI/prolapse
Peri-membranous VSD with more than trivial AI should have
surgery
Clinical Scenarios & Recommendations
Eisenmenger Syndrome
Supportive
Bosentan (Endothelin receptor antagonist) – improves
functional capacity, QOL
Sildenafil
Penny DJ, Vick GW. Lancet 2011; 377: 1103-12
Interventions
Indications for Surgical Closure in adults:
Evidence of LV volume overload (Class I if Qp/Qs >2, Class IIa
if Qp/Qs > 1.5)
History of bacterial endocarditis (Class I)
Significant LR shunt with PA pressure < 2/3 systemic and
PVR is < 2/3 SVR
Surgical Closure
Considered the first-line choice of therapy for those with
indications
Usually involves direct patch closure w cardio-pulm bypass
Operative mortality < 2% in most centers
Long Term Surgical Outcomes
Retrospective review of 46 pts with surgical VSD
repair at Mayo Clinic
Mongeon et al. JACC Int 2010; 3: 290-7
Interventional Options
Percutaneous Device Closure
Muscular VSDs can typically be closed percutaneously
Class IIb recommendation in Guidelines (i.e. surgery still
preferred)
No FDA approved devices for perimembranous VSDs,
although there are specific devices for this purpose
Concern re proximity of defect to AV node and high risk of
complete AV block requiring pacemaker
Pregnancy and VSDs
Pregnancy well tolerated in women with small to
moderate sized VSDs as long as there is no
pulmonary vascular involvement
Eisenmenger syndrome: Pregnancy contraindicated
due to exceptionally high risk of maternal and fetal
death
Endocarditis Prophylaxis for VSD
Uncomplicated VSD – no Abx for dental or other
procedures required
Post repair:
Abx for 6 months following surgical or percutaneous repair
Indefinite Abx if there is residual shunt
Risk of bacteremia from daily life usually exceeds
that of procedure Abx for procedures only prevent
small % of cases
Focus should be on optimal dental hygiene for those
with CHD
Question 1
An isolated VSD will generally cause enlargement of
which chamber(s):
A: Left atrium, left ventricle
B: Right ventricle
C: Right ventricle, pulmonary artery
D: Aorta
E: Right ventricle, right atrium
Question 1
An isolated VSD will generally cause enlargement of
which chamber(s):
A: Left atrium, left ventricle
B: Right ventricle
C: Right ventricle, pulmonary artery
D: Aorta
E: Right ventricle, right atrium
Question 2
Question 2
The defect shown on the previous slide is a:
A: Muscular VSD
B: Sinus venosus VSD
C: Perimembranous VSD
D: Inlet VSD
E: Supracristal VSD
Question 2
The defect shown on the previous slide is a:
A: Muscular VSD
B: Sinus venosus VSD
C: Perimembranous VSD
D: Inlet VSD
E: Supracristal VSD
Question 3
A common complication of this defect is:
A: Pulmonary valve endocarditis
B: Aortic regurgitation
C: Aortic dissection
D: Tricuspid regurgitation
E: Right ventricular enlargement
Question 3
A common complication of this defect is:
A: Pulmonary valve endocarditis
B: Aortic regurgitation
C: Aortic dissection
D: Tricuspid regurgitation
E: Right ventricular enlargement
Question 4
There is no diastolic flow in this perimembranous
VSD
A: True
B: False
Question 4
There is no diastolic flow in this perimembranous
VSD
A: True
B: False
Question 5
A restrictive VSD is a simple lesion with a good long
term prognosis. However, complications can occur.
All of the following are possible complications of a
VSD except:
A: Endocarditis
B: Aortic regurgitation
C: Aortic valve prolapse
D: Eisenmenger Syndrome
E: Right sided volume overload
Question 5
A restrictive VSD is a simple lesion with a good long
term prognosis. However, complications can occur.
All of the following are possible complications of a
VSD except:
A: Endocarditis
B: Aortic regurgitation
C: Aortic valve prolapse
D: Eisenmenger Syndrome
E: Right sided volume overload
Question 6
Question 6
The pulmonary artery systolic pressure in this
patient with a VSD is:
A: Normal
B: Moderately elevated
C: Systemic / Supra-systemic
Question 6
The pulmonary artery systolic pressure in this
patient with a VSD is:
A: Normal
B: Moderately elevated
C: Systemic / Supra-systemic
Question 7
A patient with a VSD undergoes TTE. BP measured
at the time of the study is 125/75 (right arm), MAP
92. CW doppler across the VSD gives a peak velocity
of 5 m/s. Assuming RA pressure of 5, what is the
estimated PASP?
A: 20mmHg
B: 25 mmHg
C: 30 mmHg
D: 72 mmHg
E: 105 mmHg
Question 7
A patient with a VSD undergoes TTE. BP measured
at the time of the study is 125/75 (right arm), MAP
92. CW doppler across the VSD gives a peak velocity
of 5 m/s. Assuming RA pressure of 5, what is the
estimated PASP?
A: 20mmHg
B: 25 mmHg
C: 30 mmHg
D: 72 mmHg
E: 105 mmHg
VSD Hemodynamics
Peak gradient = 4 x v2 (Simplied Bernoulli equation)
VSD gradient = LV systolic pressure – RV systolic
pressure
RVSP = LVSP - VSD gradient
RVSP = cuff systolic BP - VSD gradient (or 4 x v2)
Assuming no aortic outflow tract obstruction
PASP = RVSP
Assuming no pulmonary outflow tract obstruction