1.2 Finding Limits Graphically and Numerically

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Transcript 1.2 Finding Limits Graphically and Numerically

1.2 Finding Limits Graphically and Numerically

x

lim  0

x x

 Create a table for x values approaching 0 x f(x) -0.01

1.9950

-0.001

1.9995

-0.0001

1.9999

0 0.0001

? 2.0001

0.001

2.0005

0.01

2.0050

 2

x

lim  0

Find the limit of f(x) as x approaches 2 where

f

is defined as  { 1,

x

0,

x

  2 2 1 2

x

lim  2  1

Example 3:

x

lim  0

x

x

Solution: Consider the graph of the function f(x) = |x|/x.

Non-existance

1 1 |x|/x =1, x>0 |x|/x =-1, x<0

x

lim  0

x x

DNE

Non-existance

Example 4: Discuss the existence of the limit:

x

lim  0

x

1 2  Solution: Using a graphical representation, you can see that x does not approach any number. Therefore, the limit

DNE

.

1

x

lim  0 

x

2  

x

lim  0  1

x

2   

x

lim  0 1

x

2    DNE 

Non-existance

Example 5:

x

lim sin

 0

1  

Make a table approaching 0 x 2 / sin 1/x 1  -1 1 -1 1 -1 x →0 DNE The graph oscillates, so no limit exists.

x

lim sin

 0

1  

DNE

Common types of behavior associated with nonexistence of a limit

1) f(x) approaches a different number from the right side of

c than it approaches from the left side.

2) f(x) increases or decreases without bound as x

approaches c.

3) f(x) oscillates between two fixed values as x

approaches c.

Homework

Definition of Limit Let f be a function defined on an open interval containing c (except possibly at c) and let L be a real number. The statement: lim f(x) = L

X →c

Means that for each

e

> 0 there exists a

d

>0 such that if 0 < |x-c| <

d,

then |f(x)-L|<

e

Means that for each e > 0 there exists a d >0 such that if 0 < |x-c| < d, then |f(x)-L|< e   |f(x)-L| 

x

e 1 |x-c| 1 d lim

x

 1  1

Ex. 7

Ex. 8

Example 7: Prove: Lim ( 3x-2 ) = 4

X →2

Thus, for a given e > 0 you can choose d  e/ 3. This choice works because

0< |x-2| <

d

=

e

/3

Solution: You must show that for each e > 0, there exists a d >0 such that |(3x-2)-4)| < e . Because your choice of d depends on e , you need to establish a connection between is less than delta and delta = epsilon over 3".

 |(3x-2)-4| = 3|x-2| < 3( e /3) = e |(3x-2)-4| and |x-2|.

|(3x-2)-4| = |3x-6| = 3|x-2|

Diagram

Example 8: Use the e d definition of a limit to prove that:

x

2  Lim x 2

X →2

= 4

x

2 Solution: You must show that for each e 0, there exists a d > 0 such that >

when 0 < |x-2| <

d,

|x 2 - 4| <

e .

x

 2    a neighborhood of 2

x

x

2 5

So, 0 < |x-2| <

d

=

e

/5

x

2

x

5

x

5  e / 5   e HW 1.2 p. 53/3-40 (Just find the limits), 42-46

Diagram

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