Transcript Progressivism PP
A Call For Change – Progressivism
Progressivism: movement that attempted to change society politically & socially.
• Anti-Monopoly 1.
Monopolies had too much power Who were the Progressives?
It was an urban movement led by social workers, newspaper reporters, teachers, professionals, and business people.
2.
Government needs to be involved Urban version of populism
Progressive Amendments 1. 16
th
Amendment- Federal Income Tax
2. 17
th
Amendment- election of senators by the people
3. 18
th
Amendment- prohibition
4. 19
th
Amendment- gave women the right to vote
What did they want?
***wanted reforms for society***
List of threats to society were: 1) Most of country's wealth in a few hands 2) Control of immigrants' votes in cities by politicians 3) passage of laws improving working conditions 4) passage of laws ending child labor 5) passage of laws improving food industry 6) passage of laws improving slum housing 7) regulation of the monopolies 8) stricter standards of morality 9) political reform
Roosevelt and Muckrakers
Muckraker- Person who looks for corruption on the part of public officials or business and exposes it to the public.
Wrote about corruption in America Teddy Roosevelt gave them their name
Ida Tarbell
She became best known for of the Standard Oil Company The History (1904). Written about how Rockefeller’s oil company put small businesses under.
Upton Sinclair: The Jungle
During the Industrial Revolution in America we increased our beef output because of refrigerated railcars. Initial Goal: observe immigrant workers in meatpacking industry Wanted to show the filth and corruption of the meat packing industry.
He told how dead rats were shoveled into sausage grinding machines.
How bribed inspectors looked the other way when diseased cows were slaughtered for beef, and how filth and guts were swept off the floor and packaged as "potted ham."
Advances for Workers
***reform came after industrialization*** Meat Inspection Act- created a federal meat inspection program.
Response to The Jungle Women Reform: Pre-Civil War- “cult of domesticity” Working conditions were harsh & there was no unemployment insurance, disability pay, or retirement pensions.
Farm Women: South and Midwest Gender roles stayed the same Domestic Workers: Northeast Poverty causes women to work Maids, cooks, servants
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Women Suffrage
Define: the right to vote 14 th and 15 th reformers amendment split women – Susan B. Anthony Opposed amendments because they excluded Women.
– “Suzy B’s”
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Suffrage for Women
Women become impatient
Male immigrants immediately granted citizenship
E. Women’s Rights
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WWI plays huge role in voting rights for women.
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19
th
Amendment: gave women the right to vote.
Labor unions tried to improve these things by bargaining, striking, or boycotting progressive reformers didn't care for labor union leaders **Accomplishments of the progressive reformers: passage of minimum wage laws for women in 12 states industrial accident insurance in 30 states child labor laws in some states
The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
sometimes it took tragedy to bring reform fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in NY City in 1911 is a good example resulted in creation of the NY State Factory Commission it created laws regulating working & safety conditions, wages, and hours became a model of progressive reform for other states
Reforming Society
- four areas were targeted 1) City Life garbage collection better housing improvements in public education funding for hospitals to treat tuberculosis building of playgrounds city planning (city beautiful movement)
2) Moral Reform wanted to clean up “immoral behavior” Drinking on Sunday called for prohibition: manufacture, import transportation, export, and sale of alcoholic beverages is restricted or illegal. led to passage of 18th Amendment (1918) censorship of movies
3) Racial Discrimination Reformers overlooked the nation's 10 million African Americans Whites believed they were superior to minorities Most minorities were ignored Muckrakers continued to expose discrimination & other racial problems continue
NAACP was formed in 1909 purpose was to protect the rights of African Americans used the legal system to attack racial oppression defended African Americans arrested on questionable evidence investigated race riots & lynchings fought for a federal anti-lynching law
National Urban League
worked to improve job opportunities & housing ***Two black leaders emerged***
Booker T. Washington
W.E.B. Du Bois
Booker T. Washington
Washington advocated blacks accepting their inferior social status supported vocational training & economic self-reliance to raise their economic status believed political & social equality would come after economic equality was achieved believed Americans should learn to be “
one as the hand but separate as the fingers
” was president of the Tuskegee Institute provided agricultural & industrial training
Du Bois
Advocated fighting for complete equal rights was a founder of the NAACP wanted to use the legal system to fight & achieve immediate political, social, & economic equality was a more militant leader than Washington •4) Immigrants •Tried to help immigrants get out from under the control of political bosses
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Progressivism Assignment
What was T.R.’s Square Deal? Why did Roosevelt believe a Square Deal was necessary?
Discuss the actions of T.R. during the Coal Strike of 1902. How did he facilitate action during the strike?
Define: Progressivism, muckraker, direct primary, initiative, referendum, recall, suffrage, temperance, prohibition, socialism, arbitration, syndicate, income tax. (13 Total) Identify Significance: Robert La Follete, Alice Paul, Hepburn Act, Upton Sinclair, Payne-Aldrich Tariff, Federal Reserve Act, Federal Trade Commission, Mann-Elkins Act, William H. Taft, Theodore Roosevelt, Children’s Bureau, Newlands Reclamation Act, Pure Food and Drug Act, Meat Inspection Act, Eugene Debs, NAWSA, Ida Tarbell, Jacob Riis. (18 total)
Government Reform
Progressives had 2 approaches to removing govt. corruption 1) give common people a greater voice in govt.
2) hire experts to make govt. more efficient Reforms in Wisconsin under Robert La Follette Initiative: bill initiated by the people Referendum: a vote on the initiative Recall Election: voters can remove public officials w/election Laws resulting from progressive ideas 16th Amendment – graduated personal income tax 17th Amendment – direct election of U.S. Senators 18th Amendment – Prohibition
Government Regulate Business?
T.R. believed in the free enterprise system welcomed the growth of industry believed many large businesses made good economic sense T.R. was called a “trust buster” Opposed only what he considered “bad” trusts Believed trusts limited fair competition by their conduct, not size Went after Beef, Oil, Tobacco, and Railroad 1900: trusts controlled 80% of the industries in U.S.
T.R.’s Square Deal
Square Deal: progressive reforms designed to protect people from big businesses.
Based on a strong federal government.
1902 Coal Strike:
140,000 workers strike
George Baer refused to meet Commission by federal government grants miners 10% pay increase, shorter days
Roosevelt’s actions proved…
Federal gov’t will intervene Disputes could be settled via commission
Congressional Action
T.R. read The Jungle Remembered that during the Spanish-American War hundreds of soldiers died from eating tainted meat he called for a federal investigation of the meatpacking plants Meat Inspection Act of 1906: set health & sanitary standards for all phases of the interstate meatpacking industry Investigations in other industries found that harmful dyes, chemicals, & filth were contaminating canned goods Misleading advertising in the drug industry was pointed out Pure Food & Drug Act in 1906: barred the use of harmful additives in foods & banned false advertisement for drugs
T.R. The Reformer
Many demanded stricter regulation of RR's Elkins Act: RR officials could not give shippers rebates for using particular railroads.
Hepburn Act: was passed in 1906 that allowed the ICC to block unreasonable freight rates
Roosevelt and the Environment
T.R. was involved in the conservation movement Recognized U.S. lands being abused by businesses As president, he committed the U.S. govt. to
conservation
Congress created national parks & wildlife sanctuaries Congress provided $ for reclamation of damaged lands
Election of 1908
Taft became T.R.’s successor as president Continued T.R.’s progressive reforms Broke up twice the number of trusts as T.R.
Appeared too weak toward conservation Taft generally was not the politician T.R. was 1910- T.R. returned from a safari trip to promote his own ideas New idea was called New Nationalism promoted laws to protect workers, ensure public health, & regulate business 1912- T.R. had decided to run for president again Formed his own party called the Progressive Party or Bull Moose Party
Election of 1912: four major candidates Taft (R), T.R. (BM/P), Wilson (D), Debs (S) Democrats were nearly guaranteed victory w/ split in Republican party Wilson promoted reforms: New Freedom Promoted laws to help small businesses Called for a return to an America free from the domination of big business and govt.
Wilson won the election overwhelmingly Election was a defeat for the Progressive Party but not for reform—still at the top of the nation's agenda
Wilson’s Reforms: Based on New Freedom ideas. Priorities were banking reform & anti-trust legislation 1. Banking Reform: Recession in 1907 Disagreement about whether banks should be controlled by private owners or by the govt.
Compromise resulted in the Federal Reserve Act of
1913
Divided the nation into 12 districts A federal reserve bank was in each district Local banks owned the federal reserve banks & deposited a percentage of their money in them Federal Reserve Board was created to oversee banking nationwide
2. Big Business
Wilson wanted to further regulate big businesses Wanted to primarily limit power of monopolies Led to passage of the Clayton Anti-trust Act (1914) Controlled the banking system by setting interest rates on loans made by the fed. reserve banks to member banks Interest rates could expand the money supply or cause it to shrink Helped businesses to thrive & the economy to grow Extension of the Sherman Anti-trust Act Stated more clearly what corporations could and could not do as legal business practices
Suffrage for Women
Women become impatient Male immigrants immediately granted citizenship
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WWI plays huge role in voting rights for women.
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Work in factories Taking care of the home Deserve Equality
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Women are demanding rights.
The Final Social Frontier
Women's Suffrage The last major reform of the Progressive Movement was the 19th Amendment (approved in 1919) officially gave women the right to vote throughout the nation in 1920 72 yrs. after the first women's rights convention, women had achieved equal rights as citizens of the U.S.
The End of an Era
1900--1920, progressives had accomplished much Made politics less corrupt & more democratic Economic justice for all types of workers Govt. had turned away from its laissez-faire attitude Congress built an impressive record of legislation Women gained the right to vote Although gains were made in many areas, all of the problems were not totally gone– specifically racial issues.
1917, war in Europe replaced everything else as the focus of public life Specific Question: What role should the U.S. play????
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Progressivism EQ’s #2
Explain the significance of the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire.
Discuss City Reform and Moral Reform during Progressivism.
Discuss the issue of Labor Reform during Progressivism.
Define Suffrage. Explain why women such as Susan B. Anthony were so upset during Progressivism.
In terms of labor, discuss specific reforms that were made during Progressivism. Discuss the Meat Inspection Act.
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Progressivism EQ #1
Define Progressivism. Describe 2 Progressive beliefs towards monopolies.
List and Describe 4 Progressive Amendments.
List 5 threats to society that Progressives were concerned with.
What is a muckraker? Who gave them their name?
Why is Ida Tarbell a well known muckraker?
How did the Industrial Revolution impact the meatpacking industry?
What was the initial goal of
The Jungle?
Explain how that goal changed.
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T.R. Essential Questions
How did the government under T.R. handle corruption issues with the railroads?
Explain T.R.’s response to reading Discuss results.
The Jungle . Explain the role of T.R. in the conservation effort.
What was T.R.’s “Square Deal?” How is he considered to be a populist?
Describe the events of the 1902 Coal Strike. What did this event prove about T.R.?
Discuss why we say that T.R. is considered to be the first “Modern President?”