M R I Pulse Sequences

Jerry Allison Ph.D.

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1017 pages ©2004 2

Outline

I. Spin Echo Imaging Multiplanar Multislice Oblique II. Inversion Recovery (IR) III. Gradient Recalled Echo IV. Three Dimensional (Volume) Techniques V. Fast Imaging Techniques VI. Echoplanar Imaging

Image Contrast

Image contrast in radiography and CT is based upon a few properties of the tissues or contrast agents involved: - physical density (g/cc) - electron density (electrons/cc) - atomic number 4

Image Contrast

Contrast in MRI is more complex and depends on many properties/parameters, which can be classified into “intrinsic” properties and “extrinsic” parameters. Intrinsic properties relate directly to the tissue. Extrinsic parameters relate to the characteristics of the MR imager and the details of the “MRI Pulse sequence” used for imaging.

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Intrinsic Properties

Proton density T 1 relaxation T 2 relaxation T 2 * relaxation - magnetic susceptibility Diffusion Magnetization transfer -cross relaxation 6

Intrinsic Properties

Chemical Shift Temperature Perfusion Changes in tissue composition (e.g. age) Viscosity Physiologic motion Bulk flow Blood CSF 7

Extrinsic Parameters

Magnetic field strength -static field -gradient field Magnetic field homogeneity Hardware and software parameters -coil selection -number of slices acquired -slice thickness and gap 8

Extrinsic Parameters

Hardware and software parameters -slice location -slice orientation -number of averages or excitations -RF pulse shape (#sinc lobes) -RF transmitter bandwidth -RF receive bandwidth -pixel size -matrix size -field of view 9

Extrinsic Parameters

-acquisition mode ( 2D / 3D ) -artifact suppression -physiologic triggering / gating -orientation of phase and frequency encode gradients 10

Extrinsic Parameters

RF pulse sequences -inversion recovery -spin echo -gradient recalled echo -fast scan sequences -echoplanar (single shot techniques) 11

Extrinsic Parameters

Pulse sequence parameters -repetition time (TR) -echo time (TE) -inversion time (TI) -flip angle (  ) -echo train length Contrast enhancing agents 12

MRI Pulse Sequences

An MRI pulse sequence dramatically impacts the appearance of an MRI image.

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Spin Echo Pulse Sequences T1 weighted PD weighted T2 weighted TR 510 TE 14 2min 7sec for 17 slices TR 4500 TE 15eff (ETL7) 2min 39sec for 24 slices TR 4500 TE 105eff (ETL7)

Inversion Recovery Gradient Echo Pulse Sequence TR 12.1

TE 5.4

3min 11sec for 160 slices 15

MRI Pulse Sequences

More specifically, an MRI pulse sequence is a “sequence” of temporal waveforms: Radiofrequency (RF) pulses Gradient (magnetic field) pulses Data acquisiton intervals 16

Here is a pulse sequence diagram. This shows a timeline for: 1) RF pulses; 2) gradient amplitudes for Gx, Gy, Gz; 3) the readout (i.e., A/D), and 4) the signal of the excited nuclei.

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Multiplanar Imaging

Axial, sagittal, and coronal images can be acquired as follows: Notice that for each plane, the choice of axis for phase and frequency encoding can vary.

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MRI Image Weighting

Many MRI images are described as: Proton density weighted T1 weighted T2 weighted (and T2* weighted) 19

T1 weighted Spin Echo Images PD weighted T2 weighted TR 510 TE 14 2min 7sec for 17 slices TR 4500 TE 15eff (ETL7) 2min 39sec for 24 slices TR 4500 TE 105eff (ETL7)

Proton Density Weighting

Images are (largely) weighted by the mobile hydrogen content of the tissues (water and fat).

PD: PD images: FAT < WM < GM < CSF CSF > GM > WM > Fat 21

Proton Density Weighting

Proton Density -The nucleus of most hydrogen atoms is a single particle: the proton -The number of “mobile” hydrogen nuclei per voxel directly affects the intensity of the voxel in an MRI image (for all image weightings).

-Proton Density Weighting emphasizes proton density (as opposed to t1, t2 or T2*) -Total proton densities -CSF -Grey Matter -White Matter 0.112 g H/cc 0.1058 g H/cc 0.1056 g H/cc -Fat 0.1 g H/cc - Protons in lung tissue volume ~ 0.01 g H/cc So, one of many problems with lung imaging is the low proton density per volume, leading to very low SNR.

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Proton Density Weighting

-Although white matter and grey matter have very similar proton density; they are differentiated in MRI by their lipid and water content.

Lipid (g H / cc) Water (g H / cc) Grey Matter 0.0072 0.0910

White Matter 0.0178 0.0796

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T1 Weighting

Images demonstrate good contrast between soft tissue types (because different tissues have different “T1” values).

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T2 Weighting

Images demonstrate good contrast between normal tissue and pathology (because many pathologies have elevated “T2” values due to increased free water content).

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Approximate T 1 and T 2 Values for Human Tissue (37 o C) Tissue Skeletal Muscle Liver Kidney Spleen Fat Gray Matter White Matter Cerebrospinal Fluid T 1 at 1.5 T (msec) 870 490 650 780 260 920 790 >4,000 T 1 at 0.5 T (msec) 600 323 449 554 215 656 539 >4,000 T 2 (msec) 47 43 58 62 84 101 92 >2,000

T1, T2 Weighting

In images of the head T1: T1 images: FAT < WM < GM < CSF FAT > WM > GM > CSF T2: T2 images: FAT < WM < GM < CSF CSF > GM > WM > FAT Careful: CSF or Fat can be suppressed 27

Pulse Sequence Families

Spin Echo: SE Gradient Echo: • GE • • Gradient Recalled Echo (GRE) Field Echo (FE) Inversion Recovery: IR • STIR: short tau inversion recovery • Fat suppression • FLAIR: fluid attenuated inversion recovery • Fluid (CSF) suppression 28

Spin Echo Imaging

Easy to control image weighting with SE • • • T1 weighted T2 weighted PD weighted 29

Spin Echo Imaging

The Spin Echo imaging technique has the advantage that it is not as sensitive to static inhomogeneity of the magnet and inhomogeneity caused by magnetic susceptibility of patient tissue.

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Spin Echo Imaging

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Spin Echo Imaging

The pulse sequence must be repeated many times to produce an MRI image. The time interval between each execution of the pulse sequence is termed the

Repetition Time (TR).

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Spin Echo Imaging

The value of the repetition time (TR) and the echo time (TE) can be varied to control contrast in spin echo imaging. For example: TR = 2000 msec TE = 20 msec Proton Density Weighting TR = 2000 msec TE = 80 msec T 2 TR = 600 msec TE = 20 msec T 1 Weighting Weighting 33

Fast Spin Echo Pulse Sequence (FSE) Turbo Spin Echo (TSE) Careful: Fat can be excessively bright on FSE images (j-coupling) 34

Gradient Recalled Echo

Gradient recalled echo techniques have great versatility. A variety of contrasts can be produced while imaging rapidly.

GRE techniques include: GRASS, SPGR, FLASH, FISP, PSIF and many, many others.

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Gradient Recalled Echo Images 2D-FLASH TR 25msec TE 9msec a = 35 o 5.7sec per slice MIP (Maximum Intensity Projection) 37

Gradient Recalled Echo Image Multi Planar GRASS mixed T1/T2 weighting TR 500msec TE 13msec 2NEX a=60 o 3min 14 sec for 15 slices 38

Gradient Recalled Echo

Exceptions are: 1. The creation of the echo is accomplished solely by gradient magnetic fields (no 180 o RF pulse). 2. Deposition of RF energy in the patient is lower since the 180 o RF pulses are not used (less heating of patient tissues).

3. Static inhomogeneity of the magnet and inhomogeneity caused by magnetic susceptibility of patient tissue are NOT corrected by gradient recalled echo techniques.

4. T2 contrast becomes T2* contrast.

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Gradient Recalled Echo

4. The initial flip angle is frequently chosen to be less than 90 o . The flip angle in gradient recalled echo techniques is called  . The optimum value of  for a particular TR and tissue having spin lattice relaxation T 1 the Ernst angle.

is called cos(  e ) = e

-TR T 1

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Gradient Recalled Echo 5. 3D or volume imaging can be accomplished (resulting in thinner slices).

Vancouver, BC courtesy of Dr. Rawson 41

Three Dimensional Volume Techniques 3D voxels are isotropic (or nearly isotropic). The voxels are the same size in all 3 dimensions. The dimensions of a typical 3D voxel are 1 mm x 1 mm x 1 mm. The acquisition of isotropic voxels enables the data set to be reformatted into any oblique plane without significant loss of resolution using Post Processing Techniques.

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Three Dimensional Volume Image MPRAGE: Magnetization Prepared Rapid Gradient Echo TR 11.4msec TE 4.2msec a=12 o 1.4mm

6min 55sec for 120 slices (168mm slab) Uses Inversion Recovery 43

Inversion Recovery (IR)

Inversion recovery pulse sequences are useful for: Suppression of selected tissues (e.g. orbital fat, liver screening, fatty tumors, CSF) Creation of heavily T1 weighted images without a dominant contribution from fat (e.g. brain, liver and musculoskeletal imaging).

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Inversion Recovery (IR)

A basic IR spin echo pulse sequence consists of a 180 o inversion pulse, followed by an

inversion time TI

, then a 90 o RF pulse.

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Consider two voxels, one of fat and one of H 2 O This method of fat suppression is sometimes called “short TI”

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inversion recovery or STIR imaging.

Inversion Recovery (IR)

In spin echo inversion recovery imaging sequences, the 90 o pulse is followed by a 180 o pulse in order to produce a spin echo at time TE following the 90 o pulse 47

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IR Image

vs STD T2 weighting FLAIR: fluid attenuated IR (T2 weighted spin echo) Inversion time: 2.5sec (CSF is suppressed) TR 10sec TE 119msec (ETL7) 3min 49sec for 19 slices 49

GE MRI Image Annotation

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GE MRI Image Annotation

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GE MRI Image Annotation

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GE MRI Image Annotation

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GE MRI Image Annotation

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GE MRI Image Annotation

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