Transcript ST-TT Analysis - The Translation Research Summer School

ST-TT Analysis
Descriptive-explanatory
approaches
Principles
• Actual translations are
studied
– no decontextualized
examples or speculation
• Descriptive approach is
taken
– not prescriptive
• A group of translations may
be studied (rather than
single one)
Toury 1
1. Divide text into textual
segments
• small-scale linguistic units
2. Map ST units onto TT units
3. Translation relationships involve
similarities/differences
4. Focal concept is invariance:
each pair shares an invariant
core either in substance or
function
5. Establish relationships exhibited
by the pair
6. Compile sets to establish
relationship for entire text
Lambert and van Gorp
1.
Preliminary Data
•
•
2.
Macro-level
•
3.
division of texts (chapters, etc.),
relation between types of narrative,
dialogue, description, etc., narrative
structure
Micro-level
•
4.
title and title page, paratexts,
general strategy (e.g.
partial/complete translation)
generate hypotheses to investigate
on macro and micro level
shifts on linguistic, stylistic levels
Systemic Context
•
intertextual relations, genre relations
van Leuven-Zwart 1
• Microstructural shifts
–
below sentence level
• Macrostructural shifts
–
fictional world, themes,
characterisation, point of
view
• Assumption: frequent or
consistent microstructural
shifts lead to
macrostructural shifts
van Leuwen-Zwart 2
1. Divide sentences (ST and
TT) into transemes: a
comprehensible text unit
2. Establish the architransemes (ATR): the
common denominator of
meaning between
corresponding ST and TT
transeme
3. Establish the types of
relationship
van Leuwen-Zwart 3
Relationships:
Modulation
• with respect to the ATR, one
transeme manifests
conjunction, while the other
manifests disjunction
• semantic (and subcategories)
• stylistic (and subcategories)
van Leuwen-Zwart 4
Relationships:
Modification
• each transeme has an
aspect of disjunction with
respect to ATR
• semantic (and subcategories)
• stylistic (and subcategories)
• syntactic-semantic (and
subcategories)
• syntactic-stylistic (and
subcategories)
van Leuwen-Zwart 5
Relationships:
Mutation
• it is generally impossible to
establish an ATR due to the
lack of any aspect of
conjunction
Chesterman (1997)
• Describes strategies
– less theoretical, more
practical application
– syntactic strategies
• subcategories, e.g.
transposition
– semantic strategies
• subcategories, e.g. emphasis
change
– pragmatic strategies
• subcategories, e.g. explicitness
change
Sources of explanation 1
• Norms (Toury, Chesterman)
– desire by translator to conform to
norms
– Toury: initial norms, preliminary norms,
operational norms
– Chesterman: expectancy norms,
accountability norms,
communication norms, relation norms
• Laws (Toury)
– state inherent relations between all
variables found to be relevant to
translation
– state likelihood that a kind of
behaviour, or surface realization,
would occur under a set of
specifiable conditions
Sources of explanation 2
• Systemic position
(polysystem theory):
– position of the system of
translated texts in the target
culture governs translational
norms
• Cognitive and socio-cultural
factors (Chesterman)
• Contexts of production
• Translator’s attitudes
Challenges
• Categories predefined or emerging
from the data?
• Dealing with complexities of analytical
categories
• Performing microanalysis on larger
quantities of text
– selection of excerpts?
– on what basis?
• Establishing link between micro and
macroanalysis
• Combining textual analysis and sociocultural analysis
• Moving from description to
(hypothesised) explanation
Reading
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Brownlie, Siobhan (2003)‘Investigating
Explanations of Translational Phenomena: A
Case for Multiple Causality’ Target 15(1): 111152.
Chesterman, Andrew (1998) ‘Causes,
Translations, Effects’ Target 10(2): 201-230.
Chesterman, Andrew (1997) Memes of
Translation, Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John
Benjamins.
Hermans, Theo (1999) Translation in Systems;
Descriptive and Systemic Approaches
Explained, Manchester: St Jerome.
van Leuven-Zwart, Kitty (1989) ‘Translation and
Other: Similarities and Dissimilarities I’ Target 1(2):
151-181.
van Leuven-Zwart, Kitty (1990) ‘Translation and
Other: Similarities and Dissimilarities II’ Target
2(1): 69-95.
Toury, Gideon (1995) Descriptive Translation
Studies and Beyond, Amsterdam and
Philadelphia: John Benjamins.