Transcript Bullying in Adolescents with Hearing Loss Powerpoint
Bullying in adolescents with hearing loss
Andrea Warner-Czyz, Ph.D., CCC-A Betty Loy, AuD
Acknowledgments
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E. Rhodes and Leona B. Carpenter Foundation Grant Dallas Cochlear Implant Program
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Colorado Neurological Institute Cochlear Kids Camp Rocky Mountain Ear Center
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David Kelsall, Alison Biever
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Data collection
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Trissan Jones, Hannah Pourchot, Elika Cokely, Kathryn Wiseman, Roshini Kumar Consulting
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Emily Tobey, Nadine Connell Professionals who recruited Adolescent participants
Reactions to hearing aids and cochlear implants
Curiosity Teasing Bullying
What is bullying?
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Intentional, unprovoked abuse
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Imbalance of power
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Repetition (though not always) of students (grades 6-10) have been bullied at least once.
Smith and Brain , 2000; van Cleave et al., 2006.
What is bullying?
Being made fun of, called names, or insulted Having rumors spread about you Being threatened with harm
What is bullying?
Being pushed, shoved, tripped, or spit on Being coerced to do things you did not want to do Having your property destroyed on purpose
What is bullying?
Being excluded from activities on purpose Had hurtful information posted online (cyberbullying) What does bullying really look like?
Effects of bullying
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Physical and behavioral problems
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Psychosocial and emotional development
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Reduced quality of life (QoL)
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Self-esteem
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Mental health
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Academic performance and absenteeism “… lying in bed, in the dark, afraid of going back to school, afraid of seeing the bullies ...” ~ Stuart McNaughton, He is not me
McKay et al., 2008; McNaughton, 2013; Willkins-Shurmer et al., 2003.
Bullying and hearing loss
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Children with hearing loss are at risk for being bullied.
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Twice as likely?
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20-30% overall?
Similar percentage to typical adolescent population
Anmyr et al., 2011; Dalton, 2011; Bauman et al., 2000; Sullivan, 2006.
Bullying and hearing loss
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No significant difference on mean levels of victimization between children with hearing loss and hearing peers.
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Self-report vs. proxy report
Kouwenburg et al., 2012; Percy_Smith et al., 2008 .
Bullying and hearing loss
Percy-Smith et al. .
Bullying and hearing loss
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However, children with hearing loss;
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Have higher ratings of loneliness
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Feel more ignored
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Feel socially excluded
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Received more mean comments
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Reported fewer invitations to parties “… those girls who ridiculed my advances in the cruelest ways possible.” ~ Stuart McNaughton, He is not me
Kouwenburg et al., 2012.
Bullying and hearing loss
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Previous studies
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Expect higher percentages of overall bullying
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Do not show higher overall bullying
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Show differences in bullying types
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Often use ad hoc instruments
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No studies have explored bullying in this population with national data.
Kouwenburg et al., 2012.
Our study
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Do children (10-18 years) with hearing loss experience bullying differently than hearing peers?
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Overall percentage of children bullied
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Type of bullying
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Gender differences
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Frequency of bullying
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Reason for bullying
Participants Variable Hearing Aids (n = 11) Cochlear Implants (n = 44) Mean age (months) Mean age at Intervention (months)* Mean duration of device use (months)* 13.36 (1.75) 10-15 6.25 (1.58)* 3-8 157.25 (19.35) 125-174 12.70 (2.42) 8-18 42.74 (26.72)* 12-108 12.64 (34.41) 24-168
*Not all participants reported age at intervention or duration of device use.
Methods
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Online survey via Qualtrics
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Bullying
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School Crime Supplement (SCS) to the national Crime Victimization Survey
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Nationally used questionnaire
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Instances and frequency of bullying
Has another student …
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Made fun of you, called you names, or insulted you?
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Spread rumors about you?
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Threatened you with harm?
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Pushed you, shoved you, tripped you, or spit on you?
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Tried to make you do things you did not want to do?
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Excluded you from activities on purpose?
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Destroyed your property on purpose?
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Posted hurtful information about you on the internet?
If they answered yes to any item…
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Frequency of occurrence
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Once or twice this school year
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Once or twice a month
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Once or twice a week
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Nearly every day
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Don’t know Notification of an adult Reason for being bullied
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Do you think you were bullied because of your hearing loss or cochlear implant?
Results: Overall bullying 16% more children with hearing loss vs. hearing peers experience bullying at least once.
Results: Types of bullying
Results: Types of bullying Being teased: 8% difference (26% vs. 18%) Being coerced: 9% difference (15% vs. 6%) Being excluded: 13% difference (16% vs. 3%)
Results: Gender differences We expect boys to report higher percentages of physical bullying.
Results: Gender differences
Results: Gender differences Boys with hearing loss more often experience: Coercion (12% vs. 5%) Exclusion (15% vs. 3%)
Results: Gender differences We expect girls to report higher percentages of social bullying.
Results: Gender differences
Results: Gender differences Girls with hearing loss more often experience teasing (31% vs. 19%), coercion (17% vs. 6%), and exclusion (17% vs. 2%).
Results: Age differences 4 2 0 12 10 8 6 62% 50% 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Chronologic age (years) 15 16 17 18
Results: Frequency of bullying
Results: Reason for getting bullied
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Do you think you were bullied because of your hearing loss?
Results: Reason for getting bullied
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Do you think you were bullied because of your hearing loss?
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52.3% said yes.
Discussion
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Overall rates of being bullied are higher in children with hearing loss (42% vs. 28%).
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Children with hearing loss more often endure:
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Teasing, coercion, and exclusion.
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These patterns persist across gender, but a higher percentage of girls experience them.
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Bullying is highest between 12-15 years of age.
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50% of those who were bullied think it was because of their hearing loss.
Overall rates of being bullied
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Overall rates of being bullied are higher in children with hearing loss (42% vs. 28%).
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Higher than hearing peers
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On par with other children with disabilities
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Would expect greater difference with concomitant conditions
Smith and Brain , 2000; van Cleave et al., 2006.
Types of bullying
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Children with hearing loss more often endure:
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Teasing, Coercion, Exclusion
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In line with previous research
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Feeling more ignored and left out
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Receiving more mean comments
Age-related factors
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Bullying is highest between 12-15 years of age
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Especially true for social/verbal bullying
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Puberty onset
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School changes
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Social skills
Due et al., 2005; Archer & Cote, 2005; Peskin et al., 2006.
Reason for bullying
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How do we know?
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Explore why they perceive the hearing loss as the reason
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Did our question bias them?
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Examine other indices of predisposition
Future directions
Future directions
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Focus groups
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Physical, communicative, social differences?
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Effects of long-term bullying
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Protective factors to decrease long-term consequences
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Bullying prevention programs
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Develop student bill of rights
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Tolerance and diversity
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When to start?
Thank you.
Differences in children with hearing loss who do/do not get bullied?
Not bullied
Age (years) % Female Race Caucasian African American Asian Native American Ethnicity (Hispanic)
Bullied at least once
12.9 (2.1) 63% 77% 10% 7% 10% 7% 12.6 (2.5) 53% 83% 3% 3% 0% 17%
Differences in children with hearing loss who do/do not get bullied?
Bullying and gender
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Girls Rate QoL more positively through age 10
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Social bullying (rumors, exclusion)
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Boys Rate QoL more positively after age 10
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Physical bullying (hitting, pushing, etc.)
Frisen et al., 2010; Sullivan, 2006.
Bullying and age
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Instances of bullying decrease with age.
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Higher levels in elementary, middle school
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Peaks in transition years (e.g., 9 th grade)
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However, the TYPE of bullying changes.
Physical bullying Verbal, social, and cyber bullying
Graham et al., 2003; Due et al., 2005; Archer & Cote, 2005; Peskin et al., 2006.
Bullying and differences
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Being different from the majority increases likelihood of being victimized.
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Children with observable disabilities
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2-3 times as likely to be bullied
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Particularly with chronic conditions
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Increased teasing focused on disability
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Increased social isolation Higher proportions of children with special health care needs experience bullying: 43% vs. 32%.
Frisen et al., 2010; Olweus, 1978; Hugh-Jones & Smith, 1999; Sullivan, 2006; Van Cleave et al., 2006.