The ADTR TM Power Station

Presentation to UNTF2011 12 April 2011 Victoria Ashley,

Project Manager

Roger Ashworth,

Technical Manager

© Copyright 2011, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. All rights reserved.

Agenda

   

Introduction to Jacobs The ADTR TM Technology The ADTR TM Business Case Conclusions

27/04/2020 Slide 2 © Copyright 2011, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. All rights reserved.

An introduction to Jacobs

    Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. is one of the world’s largest and most diverse providers of professional technical services 2010 revenues of nearly $10 billion Support to industrial, commercial, and government clients across multiple markets We provide a range of engineering, construction, operation, and maintenance services for advanced research facilities, including fusion and fission energy, nanoscale materials, high-powered lasers and x-rays in the US, Europe, UK  SNS is an accelerator-based neutron source in Oak Ridge National Lab. This one-of-a-kind facility provides the most intense pulsed neutron beams in the world for scientific research and industrial development. © Copyright 2011, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. All rights reserved.

27/04/2020 Slide 3

Agenda

   

Introduction to Jacobs The ADTR TM Technology The ADTR TM Business Case Conclusions

27/04/2020 Slide 4 © Copyright 2011, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. All rights reserved.

     

Why nuclear?

World population is growing by approx 1.6% annually Energy usage is increasing by approx 2% annually Decreasing supply of fossil fuels Issues of climate change Alternative energy sources needed Nuclear safety and waste issues need to be addressed 27/04/2020

Based on WNA Nuclear Century Outlook Data June 2010

Slide 5 © Copyright 2011, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. All rights reserved.

Why thorium?

To continuously generate annual power output of 1GW requires: 3,500,000 tonnes of coal Significant impact upon the especially CO 27/04/2020 Environment 2 emissions 200 tonnes of Uranium Low CO 2 impact but challenges with reprocessing and very long-term storage of hazardous wastes 1 tonne of Thorium Low CO 2 impact Can consume Plutonium and radioactive waste Reduced quantity and much shorter duration for storage of hazardous wastes

In principle, total annual global energy needs could be provided by 5000 tonnes of thorium (Ref. ThorEA report)

© Copyright 2011, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. All rights reserved.

Slide 6

Estimated World Thorium Resources

Country Tonnes % of world 1. Australia

452 000 18

2. USA 3. Turkey 4. India 5. Brazil 6. Venezuela 7. Norway 8. Egypt 9. Russia 10. Greenland 11. Canada 12. South Africa Other countries World total

27/04/2020 400 000 344 000 319 000 302 000 300 000 132 000 100 000 75 000 54 000 44 000 18 000 33 000

2 573 000

Slide 7 15 13 12 12 12 5 4 3 2 2 1

Source: OECD/NEA Uranium 2007: Resources, Production and Demand (Red Book) 2008

1 100 © Copyright 2011, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. All rights reserved.

Project Background

• • • Norway No. 7 in estimated world thorium reserves, Aker Solutions investigated potential for utilising thorium Collaboration with Professor Carlo Rubbia to commercially develop his original Energy Amplifier concept, EA patent ownership Feasibility Study from Jan 2008, £m’s internal investment

Project Objectives

1. Establish technical feasibility of the design 2. Apply established technology 3. Develop and protect IP rights 4. Align with Gen IV strategy 5. Develop the business case for thorium power 6. Establish a consortium with suitable partners © Copyright 2011, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. All rights reserved.

27/04/2020 Slide 8

Development from Energy Amplifier to ADTR™ Energy Amplifier

Source CERN 95/44

    EA K-effective 0.98

12-48MW accelerator power output Reactivity uncontrolled (No control rods) - larger sub-critical margin Coolant circulation by natural convection ADTR TM   K-effective 0.995

3MW accelerator power output  Reactivity controlled by enriched boron10 control rods  Coolant circulated by axial flow pumps  Heat exchangers separate from main vessel Slide 9

ADTR

TM

ADTR TM COMPLEX

Accelerator Passive Air Cooling System Stack Beam Transport Refuelling machine Steam collection tank •1500MW(Th)/600MW(e) •59te MOX fuel, 10 year refuelling •Vessel dimensions 9.5m diameter, 20m high •Molten lead coolant and spallation target •Decay heat removed by natural convection on shutdown Heat Exchangers & Coolant Pumps Nuclear Core •System operates at atmospheric pressure © Copyright 2011, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. All rights reserved.

27/04/2020 Slide 10



Coolant

Lead   MP 327ºC BP 1748ºC  Sodium Negative temp & void coefficient of reactivity   Positive void coefficient of reactivity MP 98ºC BP 883ºC  Intermediate cooling loop not required  Intermediate cooling loop required   Chemically un-reactive – no fire risk Operate at atmospheric pressure   Chemically reactive Pressure vessel  High pumping power as high specific gravity  Low pumping power as low specific  High thermal heat sink gravity  Also acts as spallation target  Not suitable for spallation target  Corrosive with steel  Less corrosive with steel  No hydrogen generation  No hydrogen generation 27/04/2020 Slide 11 © Copyright 2011, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. All rights reserved.

Conversion of Fertile Thorium to Fissile Uranium

• Thorium fuel requires fissionable starter material • Plutonium • Minor Actinides • Plutonium selected for ADTR TM mixed oxide fuel • 84.5%Th • 15.5%Pu • Fertile Th232 breeds fissile U233 Th232

β

(27 d)

+

n1

β

(22.3 min) Pa233 Th233 Fission Fragment • Could burn waste actinides from conventional reactors

+

n1 U233 • No need for fuel enrichment Fission Fragment n1 n1 n1 © Copyright 2011, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. All rights reserved.

27/04/2020 Slide 12

27/04/2020

Fuel Cycle – Tendency to Equilibrium (11 cycles)

•Self-sustained fuel cycle possible •Over a 10 year fuel cycle • Plutonium is burnt • U233 is produced •Delivers balanced criticality • as much fissile material produced as is destroyed All Pu U233 All U Pa233 © Copyright 2011, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. All rights reserved.

Slide 13

Reactor Control – First fuel cycle (10 year operation)

Reactivity vs Fuel Burn Up

0.035

0.03

0.025

Raw Reactivity Plot

0.02

0.015

0.01

Control Rods Control Rods 0.005

Fuel Burn Up GW day/ton

0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 -0.005

Controlled Reactivity keff = 0.995

-0.01

• • • • Raw reactivity swing compensated by control rods Power output adjusted by accelerator Load following possible – useful for small grid systems Developed method of measuring Keffective - filed as patent Accelerator © Copyright 2011, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. All rights reserved.

27/04/2020 Slide 14

Benchmarking against Generation IV Goals

Sustainability

• Thorium is 3-5 times more abundant than Uranium • Thorium is by-product from rare earth mining • Minor actinides from a thorium reactor less than from a PWR • Can be configured as a minor actinide ‘burner’ reducing long term waste burden • ADTR TM consumes ~50% of its Plutonium starter over 10 year cycle • One ADTR TM can consume Pu from approx 1.5 PWRs • Gaseous emissions equivalent to conventional advanced systems • Low carbon emissions

Economics

27/04/2020 • Thorium fuel is cheaper than Uranium fuel • Lead shielding reduces neutron embrittlement & extends reactor vessel lifespan • 10 year refuelling time increases system availability to >95% • Operation at atmospheric pressure means cost savings on containment vessel • Reduced fuel handling requirement leading to reduced operational expenditure • Replaceable reactor components reduces the risk to capital © Copyright 2011, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. All rights reserved.

Slide 15

Benchmarking against Generation IV Goals

Proliferation Resistance

• 10 year sealed core reduces opportunities for fuel interception • The ADTR TM is a net consumer of Plutonium • Hard gamma U232 daughter products prevent manual handling • No requirement for enrichment technology

Safety & Reliability

• Design is for inherent safety, i.e.

• Sub-critical operation increases margins to prompt criticality • Virtually instantaneous reduction in power achieved by accelerator shut-off • Primary system operates at atmospheric pressure • Maximum credible accident results in self-limitation of reaction • Reactor below ground enhancing physical protection • Coolant chemically unreactive and provides large heat sink Slide 16 © Copyright 2011, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. All rights reserved.

27/04/2020

Agenda

   

Introduction to Jacobs The ADTR TM Technology The ADTR TM Business Case Conclusions

27/04/2020 Slide 17 © Copyright 2011, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. All rights reserved.

Programme aligns with GenIV timescales

   Aim to build first commercial 600MW(e) reactor by 2030 Capital cost per KW equivalent to current reactors Further reduced costs due to:   Long refuelling time therefore lower operational costs Use of thorium fuel requires no enrichment Technical & commercially viable No significant Concept & Development Issues Regulators Endorsement of Site and Design 2 years Feasibility Study 5 years Licenses issued Concept design & development 5 years System definition, Plant design & Safety Case 3 years Pre-licensing & site selection Detailed design & fabrication Completion Date 7 years Construction & Completion © Copyright 2011, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. All rights reserved.

27/04/2020 Slide 18

Market Analysis - Types of countries

1.

Large countries with nuclear power, but with significant energy demand growth

 Ideally the first ADTR TM demonstration plant should be in a country with established nuclear infrastructure 2.

Countries with no existing nuclear infrastructure and recent aspirations to gain benefits of nuclear power

3.

Smaller countries less demand on grid system

 Its inherent safety and non proliferation strengths could make the ADTR TM attractive to countries requiring energy with minimum infrastructure and maximum safety  Benefits of load following and 600MW size, the ADTR TM fits market gap between small modular systems <300MWe and conventional reactors >1000MWe © Copyright 2011, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. All rights reserved.

27/04/2020 Slide 19

Agenda

   

Introduction to Aker Solutions The ADTR TM Project and Business Case The ADTR TM Technology Conclusions

ADTR Concept Study 27/04/2020 Slide 20 Slide 20 © Copyright 2011, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. All rights reserved.

Conclusions

Aker Solutions truly believes in the potential of the ADTR TM technology because: 1. Technically feasible • Challenged assumptions for confidence in design • Transmutation with load following power generation 2. Applying established technology • Reduced commercial risk 3. Developing IP • EA patent • • Keffective patent Other unique design aspects identified 4. Align with GenIV strategy • Meets GenIV goals and timescales 5. Develop the business case for thorium power • Financial potential - Capital cost per KW equivalent to current reactors • Market potential - Niche for size and power producing waste burner 6. Establish consortium with suitable partners • Now engaging with potential partners to further develop this exciting technology © Copyright 2011, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. All rights reserved.

27/04/2020 Slide 21

The ADTR

TM

Team

27/04/2020

Victoria Ashley Project Manager E-mail: [email protected]

Tel: 01642 334072 Mobile: 07925 113388 Roger Ashworth Technical Manager E-mail: [email protected]

Tel: 01642 334061 Mobile: 07833 295500

Slide 22

www.jacobs.com

© Copyright 2011, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright

Copyright of all published material including photographs, drawings and images in this document remains vested in Jacobs and third party contributors as appropriate. Accordingly, neither the whole nor any part of this document shall be reproduced in any form nor used in any manner without express prior permission and applicable acknowledgements. No trademark, copyright or other notice shall be altered or removed from any reproduction.

27/04/2020 Slide 23 © Copyright 2011, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. All rights reserved.

Disclaimer

This Presentation includes and is based, inter alia, on forward-looking information and statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ. These statements and this Presentation are based on current expectations, estimates and projections about global economic conditions, the economic conditions of the regions and industries that are major markets for Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. (including subsidiaries and affiliates) lines of business. These expectations, estimates and projections are generally identifiable by statements containing words such as “expects”, “believes”, “estimates” or similar expressions. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expectations include, among others, economic and market conditions in the geographic areas and industries that are or will be major markets for Jacobs’ businesses, oil prices, market acceptance of new products and services, changes in governmental regulations, interest rates, fluctuations in currency exchange rates and such other factors as may be discussed from time to time in the Presentation. Although Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. believes that its expectations and the Presentation are based upon reasonable assumptions, it can give no assurance that those expectations will be achieved or that the actual results will be as set out in the Presentation. Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. is making no representation or warranty, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy, reliability or completeness of the Presentation, and neither Jacobs Engineering Inc. nor any of its directors, officers or employees will have any liability to you or any other persons resulting from your use.

Jacobs consists of many legally independent entities, constituting their own separate identities. Jacobs is used as the common brand or trade mark for most of these entities. In this presentation we may sometimes use “Jacobs”, “we” or “us” when we refer to Jacobs companies in general or where no useful purpose is served by identifying any particular Jacobs company.

Slide 24 © Copyright 2011, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. All rights reserved.

27/04/2020