Transcript Three strikes and you`re out

Three strikes and you’re out
la legge sulla recidiva
nell’ordinamento della California
Il significato della metafora
Effetti delle politiche
‘tough on crime’
Confronto dei tassi di incarcerazione
(numero di detenuti per 100.000 abitanti)
Fonte: National Criminal Justice Commission, marzo 2009
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
India
Giappone Germania
Cina
Regno
Unito
Messico
Stati Uniti
Stati dotati di una legge dei tre colpi
Wisconsin
Washington
Virgina
Vermont
Tennesee
South Carolina
Pennsylvania
North Dakota
North Carolina
New Mexico
New Jersey
Nevada
Montana
Maryland
Indiana
Georgia
Florida
Connecticut
Colorado
California
Arkansas
numero di applicazioni
Il tasso di applicazione delle leggi
‘three strikes’
45000
40000
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
Trattamento sanzionatorio
Precedenti
rilevanti
Secondo strike
Terzo strike
1 condanna
per delitto “serious
o violent”
2 condanne
per delitti “serious
o violent”
Nuovo reato
Pena prevista
Qualsiasi delitto
(any felony)
doppio della pena
prevista dalla
legge per quel
delitto
Qualsiasi delitto
(any felony)
pena detentiva da
25 anni a vita
I serious e violent felony
secondo il § 1192.7 del Cal. Pen. Code
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murder or voluntary manslaughter
mayhem
rape, sodomy by force, violence, duress, menace,
threat of great bodily injury, or fear of immediate and
unlawful bodily injury on the victim or another person
lewd or lascivious act on a child under 14 years of age
any felony punishable by death or imprisonment in the
state prison for life
I serious e violent felony
secondo il § 1192.7 del Cal. Pen. Code
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Any felony in which the defendant personally inflicts
great bodily injury on any person, other than an
accomplice, or any felony in which the defendant
personally uses a firearm;
Attempted murder;
Assault with intent to commit rape or robbery;
Assault with a deadly weapon or instrument on a
peace officer;
Assault by a life prisoner on a noninmate;
Assault with a deadly weapon by an inmate;
Arson;
I serious e violent felony
secondo il § 1192.7 del Cal. Pen. Code
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Exploding a destructive device or any explosive with
intent to injure;
Exploding a destructive device or any explosive
causing bodily injury, great bodily injury, or mayhem;
Exploding a destructive device or any explosive with
intent to murder;
Any burglary of the first degree;
Robbery or bank robbery;
Kidnapping
I serious e violent felony
secondo il § 1192.7 del Cal. Pen. Code
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Holding of a hostage by a person confined in a state
prison;
Attempt to commit a felony punishable by death or
imprisonment in the state prison for life;
Any felony in which the defendant personally used a
dangerous or deadly weapon;
Selling, furnishing, administering, giving, or offering to
sell, furnish, administer, or give to a minor any heroin,
cocaine, phencyclidine (PCP), or any
methamphetamine-related drug,
I serious e violent felony
secondo il § 1192.7 del Cal. Pen. Code
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Any violation of subdivision (a) of Section 289 where
the act is accomplished against the victim's will by
force, violence, duress, menace, or fear of immediate
and unlawful bodily injury on the victim or another
person;
Grand theft involving a firearm;
Carjacking;
Any felony offense, which would also constitute a
felony violation of Section 186.22 (gang crimes)
Assault with the intent to commit mayhem, rape,
sodomy, or oral copulation, in violation of Section 220;
I serious e violent felony
secondo il § 1192.7 del Cal. Pen. Code
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throwing acid or flammable substances, in violation of
Section 244;
assault
with
a
deadly
weapon,
firearm,
machinegun,assault weapon, or semiautomatic firearm
or assault on a peace officer or firefighter, in violation
of Section 245;
assault with a deadly weapon against a public transit
employee, custodial officer, or school employee, in
violation of Sections 245.2, 245.3, or 245.5;
I serious e violent felony
secondo il § 1192.7 del Cal. Pen. Code
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Discharge of a firearm at an inhabited dwelling,
vehicle, or aircraft, in violation of Section 246;
Commission of rape or sexual penetration in concert
with another person, in violation ofSection 264.1;
Continuous sexual abuse of a child, in violation of
Section 288.5;
Shooting from a vehicle, in violation of subdivision (c)
or (d) of Section 12034;
I serious e violent felony
secondo il § 1192.7 del Cal. Pen. Code
• Intimidation of victims or witnesses, in violation of
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Section 136.1;
Criminal threats;
Any attempt to commit a crime listed in this subdivision
other than an assault;
Any violation of Section 12022.53;
A violation of subdivision (b) or (c) of Section 11418;
Any conspiracy to commit an offense described in this
subdivision
Trattamento sanzionatorio
Precedenti
rilevanti
Secondo strike
Terzo strike
1 condanna
per delitto “serious
o violent”
2 condanne
per delitti “serious
o violent”
Nuovo reato
Pena prevista
Qualsiasi delitto
(any felony)
doppio della pena
prevista dalla
legge per quel
delitto
Qualsiasi delitto
(any felony)
pena detentiva da
25 anni a vita
Entità della pena in base alla successione
dei reati
Da Zimring, Hawkins, Kamin, Punishment and Delinquency, 2001
A
Tipo
B
di
reato
Prima condanna
Any felony
(es. furto)
Seconda
Violent felony
condanna
(es. rapina)
Terza condanna
Violent felony
(es. rapina)
Pena
X
X
XX
Tipo
C
di
reato
Violent felony
(es. Rapina)
Any felony
(es. furto)
Violent Felony
(es. rapina)
Pena
X
XX
XX
Tipo
di
reato
Violent felony
(es. rapina)
Violent felony
(es. rapina)
Any felony
(es. furto)
Pena
X
XX
XXX
Popolazione degli ‘strikers’
Dicembre 2008 (California Department of Corrections)
45.000
40.000
35.000
30.000
25.000
3rd Strikers
20.000
2nd Strikers
15.000
10.000
5.000
0
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
Incidenza degli strikers sulla
popolazione detenuta
Dicembre 2008 (California Department of Corrections)
180000
160000
3rd Strikers
140000
120000
2nd Strikers
100000
80000
Istogram. 3D 3
60000
40000
Determinate
20000
0
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2006 2008
Composizione etnica della popolazione
degli strikers
2004, Justice Policy Institute
Gruppo etnico Residenti Detenuti 2°strike 3°strike
Neri
Ispanici
Bianchi
Altro
6,5%
29,7%
35,8%
44,7%
32,6%
35,9%
34,1%
25,6%
47,1%
28,7%
26,1%
25,4%
13,8%
5,7%
4,0%
4,3%
Composizione etnica della popolazione
degli strikers
Neri
Bianchi
Residenti
Detenuti
2° strike
3° strike
Composizione 3rd strikers 2008
Fonte: Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, California, 31 dicembre 2008
4%
25%
45%
neri
ispanici
bianchi
altro
26%
Tipologia dei reati che hanno dato
luogo all’applicazione della legge
Dicembre 2008 (California Department of Corrections)
Altro
10%
Delitti contro la persona
Delitti in materia di
stupefacenti
43%
20%
Delitti contro il patrimonio
27%
Confronto tasso criminalità tra California e
Stato non striker
2003, Justice Policy Institute
California
Stato New
York
Riduzione
generalità
reati
- 38,8%
- 49,6%
Riduzione
reati violenti
-44,9%
- 53,9%
• AMERICA’S CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM HAS
DETERIORATED TO THE PONT THAT IT IS A
NATIONAL DISGRACE.
• ITS INEQUITIES CUT AGAINST THE NOTION
THAT WE ARE A SOCIETY FOUNDED ON
FUNDAMENTAL FAIRNESS
• OUR FAILURE TO ADDRESS THIS PROBLEM HAS
CAUSED THE NATION’S PRISONS TO BURNST
THEIR SEAMS WITH MASSIVE OVERCROWDING
• WE ARE WASTING BILIONS OF DOLLARS AND
DIMINISHING MILLIONS OF LIVES
(Dal sito del sen. Webb, proponente del National Criminal Justice Commission Act of 2009)