Transcript Weight and Balance Private Pilot Ground School

Weight and Balance
Private Pilot Ground School
A study tool developed by M.J. Hanwright as part
of the development training for CFI certification
under the supervision of Joseph J. Zubay, CFI.
M J Hanwright
Weight
• Certified to a maximum gross weight (refer POH)
•Structural strength of landing gear
•Power (weight v horse power)
•Wing loading (strength of the wing)
•Effects of overloading an aircraft
•Longer take off and landing roll (major impact with high density altitude)
•Increased wing loading (maneuvers, turbulence)
•Requires extra lift to support additional weight
•Increases stall speed
•Decreases cruise speed (increased drag)
•Categories assigned based on weight the wing structure can sustain
•Normal 3.8G + 1.5G –
•Straight and level flight is 1G loading
• 60 degree bank is 2G loading (double the weight supported by the wings)
Weight & Balance
• CG (center of Gravity)
•Point where aircraft would balance if suspended
•CG limits (or envelope) set forward and aft of GC by manufacturer
•Will have different GC limits if certified in more than one category
•Loading the aircraft will shift the CG
GG limits normal category
GG limits utility category
•Effects of Forward loading
•Requires more tail down force and therefore higher angle of attack (reduce cruise speed)
•Longer take off roll
•Improved longitudinal (pitch) stability (more tail down force)
•If past limits - Lack of elevator authority – maybe difficult to flare
•Effect of Rearward loading
•Requires less tail down force – lower angel of attack (increased cruise speed)
•Reduced longitudinal stability (pitch) – if past limits maybe difficult to maintain
•Higher risk of stall / spin (flat spin)
Weight & Balance – Terms
•Datum
•Reference point (vertical plane)
for measurements of horizontal distances
Rear passengers
Baggage
Pilot & Front passenger
Fuel
•ARM
•The distance measured from the Datum
• Measured in inches
• Can be negative
•Moment
•Weight x Arm = Moment (lb- in)
•CG = Total Moment divided by total Weight
110.5 inches
20.2 inches
Weight & Balance - Terms
•Basic Empty weight
•weight of the airplane plus optional equipment
•includes unusable fuel
•includes engine oil and operating fluids
•Every airplane is different – consult the POH
•Licensed Empty Weight
•Basic empty weight WITHOUT engine oil
•Includes undrainable oil only
Weight and Balance Calculations
Weight
Empty weight
Pilot & Front Passenger
Rear Passengers
Baggage area 1
Baggage area 2
Fuel main tanks
Fuel Aux tanks
Oil
Total
CG = Moment / Weight
ARM
Moment
1. Determine the momement with the following data
Empty Weight
Pilot and front passenger
Fuel (Std tanks)
Oil 8 qts
A – 69.9 lbs – in
B - 74.9 lbs – in
C - 77.0 lbs - in
lbs
Moment / 1000
1350
340
capacity
15
51.5
-0.2
Weight and Balance Calculations
Weight
Empty weight
Pilot & Front Passenger
Rear Passengers
Baggage area 1
Baggage area 2
Fuel main tanks
Fuel Aux tanks
Oil
Total
CG = Moment / Weight
ARM
Moment
Weight and Balance Calculations
Weight
Empty weight
1350
Pilot & Front Passenger
340
ARM
Moment
51500
Rear Passengers
Baggage area 1
Baggage area 2
Fuel main tanks
Fuel Aux tanks
Oil
Total
CG = Moment / Weight
51.5 MOM / 1000
Empty Weight …………………...... 1350
Front seat occupants............................................ 340
Fuel ( STD Tanks )................................................capacity
Oil …………………………………………………… 15 -0.2 MOM / 1000
51.5 x 1000 = 51500
Weight and Balance Calculations
Weight
Empty weight
1350
Pilot & Front Passenger
340
ARM
Moment
51500
Rear Passengers
Baggage area 1
Baggage area 2
Fuel main tanks
228
Fuel Aux tanks
Oil
15
-200
-0.2 x 1000 = -200
Total
CG = Moment / Weight
51.5 MOM / 1000
Empty Weight …………………...... 1350
Front seat occupants............................................ 340
38gal
Fuel...................................................................... capacity
Oil …………………………………………………… 15 -0.2 MOM / 1000
x 6 = 228 lb
12.6
Weight and Balance Calculations
Weight
ARM
Moment
Empty weight
1350
51500
Pilot & Front Passenger
350
12600
Rear Passengers
Baggage area 1
Baggage area 2
Fuel main tanks
228
Fuel Aux tanks
Oil
Total
CG = Moment / Weight
15
- 200
12.6 x 1000 = 12600
11
Weight and Balance Calculations
Weight
ARM
Moment
Empty weight
1350
51500
Pilot & Front Passenger
340
12600
228
11000
15
- 200
1933
74900
Rear Passengers
Baggage area 1
Baggage area 2
Fuel main tanks
11 x 1000 = 11000
Fuel Aux tanks
Oil
Total
Answer
A – 69.9 lbs – in
B - 74.9 lbs – in
C - 77.0 lbs - in
74900 / 1000
74.9 lbs - in
2. What is the maximum amount of fuel that may be aboard the airplane
on takeoff if it is loaded as follows?
lbs
Empty Weight
1350
Pilot and front passenger 340
Rear passengers
310
Baggage
45
Oil 8qts
15
A – 24 gal
B – 34 gal
C – 40 gal
Moment / 1000
51.5
-0.2
Weight and Balance Calculations
Weight
Empty weight
Pilot & Front Passenger
Rear Passengers
Baggage area 1
Baggage area 2
Fuel main tanks
Fuel Aux tanks
Oil
Total
CG = Moment / Weight
ARM
Moment
Weight and Balance Calculations
Weight
Empty weight
1350
Pilot & Front Passenger
340
Rear Passengers
310
Baggage area 1
ARM
Moment
51500
51.5 x 1000 = 51500
45
Baggage area 2
Fuel main tanks
Fuel Aux tanks
Oil
15
Total
2060
-200
CG = Moment / Weight
Empty Weight ………………….......................... 1350
Pilot and front passenger..................................... 340
Rear passengers
....................................... 310
Baggage................................................................ 45
Oil …………………………………………………… 15
Fuel.....................................................................???.
51.5
-200
MOM / 1000
Weight and Balance Calculations
Weight
Empty weight
1350
Pilot & Front Passenger
340
Rear Passengers
310
Baggage area 1
45
ARM
Moment
51500
Baggage area 2
Fuel main tanks
Fuel Aux tanks
Oil
15
Total
2060
Answers
A – 24 gal
B – 34 gal
C – 40 gal
-200
Max Weight
2300 lb
Current weight
2060 lb
Weight below gross 240 lb
Is the CG OK ?????
240 lb / 6 lb = 40 gal
Weight and Balance Calculations
Weight
Empty weight
1350
Pilot & Front Passenger
340
Rear Passengers
310
Baggage area 1
45
ARM
Moment
51500
Baggage area 2
Fuel main tanks
240
Fuel Aux tanks
Oil
15
Total
2300
Max Weight
2300 lb
Current weight
2060 lb
Weight below gross 240 lb
-200
12.6
Weight and Balance Calculations
Weight
ARM
Moment
Empty weight
1350
51500
Pilot & Front Passenger
340
12600
Rear Passengers
310
Baggage area 1
45
Baggage area 2
Fuel main tanks
240
Fuel Aux tanks
Oil
Total
15
2300
- 200
12.6 x 1000 = 12600
22.7
Weight and Balance Calculations
Weight
ARM
Moment
1350
51500
Pilot & Front Passenger
340
12600
Rear Passengers
310
22700
Empty weight
Baggage area 1
45
Baggage area 2
Fuel main tanks
240
Fuel Aux tanks
Oil
15
Total
2300
- 200
22.7 x 1000 = 22700
4
Weight and Balance Calculations
Weight
ARM
Moment
Empty weight
1350
51500
Pilot & Front Passenger
340
12600
Rear Passengers
310
22700
45
4000
Baggage area 1
Baggage area 2
Fuel main tanks
240
Fuel Aux tanks
Oil
Total
15
2300
- 200
4 x 1000 = 4000
11.6
Weight and Balance Calculations
Weight
ARM
Moment
Empty weight
1350
51500
Pilot & Front Passenger
340
12600
Rear Passengers
310
22700
45
4000
Baggage area 1
Baggage area 2
Fuel main tanks
240
11600
15
- 200
2300
102200
11.6 x 1000 = 11600
Fuel Aux tanks
Oil
Total
102200 /1000 = 102.2 lb - in
3. What is the maximum amount of baggage that may be loaded aboard
the airplane for the CG to remain within the loading envelope?
lbs
Empty Weight
1350
Pilot and front passenger 250
Rear passengers
400
Baggage
?
Fuel
30 gal
Oil 8qts
15
A – 120 lb
B – 105 lb
C – 90 lb
Moment / 1000
51.5
-0.2
Weight and Balance Calculations
Weight
Empty weight
Pilot & Front Passenger
Rear Passengers
Baggage area 1
Baggage area 2
Fuel main tanks
Fuel Aux tanks
Oil
Total
CG = Moment / Weight
ARM
Moment
Weight and Balance Calculations
Weight
Empty weight
1350
Pilot & Front Passenger
250
Rear Passengers
400
ARM
Moment
51500
51.5 x 1000 = 51500
Baggage area 1
Baggage area 2
Fuel main tanks
180
Fuel Aux tanks
Oil
15
Total
-200
2195
CG = Moment / Weight
51.5
Empty Weight ………………….......................... 1350
Pilot and front passenger..................................... 250
Rear passengers
....................................... 400
Baggage................................................................ ????
-0.2
Oil …………………………………………………… 15
Fuel..................................................................... 30 Gal
MOM / 1000
Fuel 30 x 6 = 180 lb
Weight and Balance Calculations
Weight
Empty weight
1350
Pilot & Front Passenger
250
Rear Passengers
400
ARM
Moment
51500
Baggage area 1
Baggage area 2
Fuel main tanks
180
Fuel Aux tanks
Oil
15
Total
2195
Answers
A – 120 lb
B – 105 lb
C – 90 lb
-200
Max Weight
2300 lb
Current weight
2195 lb
Weight below gross 105 lb
Is the CG OK ?????
Weight and Balance Calculations
Weight
Empty weight
1350
Pilot & Front Passenger
250
Rear Passengers
400
Baggage area 1
105
ARM
Moment
51500
Baggage area 2
Fuel main tanks
180
Fuel Aux tanks
Oil
15
Total
2300
Max Weight
2300 lb
Current weight
2195 lb
Weight below gross 105 lb
-200
9.5
Weight and Balance Calculations
Weight
ARM
Moment
Empty weight
1350
51500
Pilot & Front Passenger
250
9500
Rear Passengers
400
Baggage area 1
105
Baggage area 2
Fuel main tanks
180
Fuel Aux tanks
Oil
Total
15
2300
- 200
9.5 x 1000 = 9500
29.5
Weight and Balance Calculations
Weight
ARM
Moment
1350
51500
Pilot & Front Passenger
250
9500
Rear Passengers
400
29500
Baggage area 1
105
Empty weight
Baggage area 2
Fuel main tanks
180
Fuel Aux tanks
Oil
15
Total
2300
- 200
29.5 x 1000 = 29500
10
Weight and Balance Calculations
Weight
ARM
Moment
Empty weight
1350
Pilot & Front Passenger
250
9500
Rear Passengers
400
29500
Baggage area 1
105
10000
51500
Baggage area 2
Fuel main tanks
180
Fuel Aux tanks
Oil
Total
15
2300
- 200
10 x 1000 = 10000
8.7
Weight and Balance Calculations
Weight
ARM
Moment
Empty weight
1350
51500
Pilot & Front Passenger
250
9500
Rear Passengers
400
29000
Baggage area 1
105
10000
180
8700
Baggage area 2
Fuel main tanks
8.7 x 1000 = 8700
Fuel Aux tanks
Oil
Total
15
- 200
2300
109000
109000 /1000 = 109 lb - in
4. Calculate the moment of the airplane and determine which category
is applicable.
Empty weight
Pilot and front passenger
Rear passenger
Fuel
Oil
A – 79.2 utility category
B – 80.8 utility category
C – 81.2 normal category
lbs
Mom / 1000
1350
310
96
48 gal.
8qt
51.5
-0.2
Weight and Balance Calculations
Weight
Empty weight
Pilot & Front Passenger
Rear Passengers
Baggage area 1
Baggage area 2
Fuel main tanks
Fuel Aux tanks
Oil
Total
CG = Moment / Weight
ARM
Moment
Weight and Balance Calculations
Weight
Empty weight
1350
Pilot & Front Passenger
310
Rear Passengers
ARM
Moment
51500
51.5 x 1000 = 51500
96
Baggage area 1
Baggage area 2
Fuel main tanks
288
Fuel Aux tanks
Oil
Total
CG = Moment / Weight
51.5 MOM / 1000
Empty Weight …………………...... 1350
Front seat occupants............................................ 310
Rear seat occupants............................................. 96
Fuel...................................................................... 48 gallons
Oil ………………………………………………….. 8 qts
48 x 6 = 288lb
Weight and Balance Calculations
Weight
Empty weight
1350
Pilot & Front Passenger
310
Rear Passengers
ARM
Moment
51500
96
Baggage area 1
Baggage area 2
Fuel main tanks
288
Fuel Aux tanks
15
Oil
- 200
Total
CG = Moment / Weight
Front seat occupants............................................ 310
Rear seat occupants............................................. 96
Fuel...................................................................... 288
48 x 6 = 288lb
11.6
Weight and Balance Calculations
Weight
ARM
Moment
Empty weight
1350
51500
Pilot & Front Passenger
310
11600
Rear Passengers
96
Baggage area 1
Baggage area 2
Fuel main tanks
288
Fuel Aux tanks
15
Oil
Total
CG = Moment / Weight
Front seat occupants............................................ 310
Rear seat occupants............................................. 96
Fuel...................................................................... 288
- 200
11.6 x 1000 = 11600
6.9
Weight and Balance Calculations
Weight
ARM
Moment
Empty weight
1350
51500
Pilot & Front Passenger
310
11600
96
6900
Rear Passengers
Baggage area 1
Baggage area 2
Fuel main tanks
288
Fuel Aux tanks
15
Oil
Total
CG = Moment / Weight
Front seat occupants............................................ 310
Rear seat occupants............................................ 96
Fuel...................................................................... 288
- 200
6.9 x 1000 = 6900
13.75
Weight and Balance Calculations
Weight
ARM
Moment
Empty weight
1350
51500
Pilot & Front Passenger
310
11600
Rear Passengers
96
6900
Baggage area 1
Baggage area 2
Fuel main tanks
288
13750
15
- 200
2059
83550
13.75 x 1000 = 13750
Fuel Aux tanks
Oil
Total
Answer
A – 79.2 utility category
B – 80.8 utility category
C – 81.2 normal category
83550 / 1000 = 83.5 lb – in
5. Determine if the airplane Weight and balance are within limits
Front seat Occupants
Rear seat Occupants
Fuel
Baggage
340 lb
295 lb
44 gal.
56 lb
A – within limits
B – 20lb overweight, CG within limits
C – Weight within limits, CG out of limits forward
Weight and Balance Calculations
Weight
Empty weight
Pilot & Front Passenger
Rear Passengers
Baggage area 1
Baggage area 2
Fuel main tanks
Fuel Aux tanks
Oil
Total
CG = Moment / Weight
ARM
Moment
Weight and Balance Calculations
Weight
ARM
Moment
Empty weight
Pilot & Front Passenger
Rear Passengers
Baggage area 1
Baggage area 2
Fuel main tanks
Fuel Aux tanks
Oil
Total
CG = Moment / Weight
Front seat occupants............................................
Rear seat occupants............................................
Fuel......................................................................
Baggage ……………………………………………
340 lb
295 lb
44 gal
56 lb
Weight and Balance Calculations
Weight
Empty weight
2015
Pilot & Front Passenger
340
Rear Passengers
295
Baggage area 1
ARM
Moment
155400
1554 x 100 = 155400
56
Baggage area 2
Fuel main tanks
264
Fuel Aux tanks
0
Oil
Total
2970
CG = Moment / Weight
Front seat occupants............................................
Rear seat occupants............................................
Fuel......................................................................
Baggage ……………………………………………
340 lb
295 lb
44 gal
56 lb
44 x 6 = 265 lb
340 lb
119 + 170 = 289
Weight and Balance Calculations
Weight
ARM
Moment
2015
155400
Pilot & Front Passenger
340
28900
Rear Passengers
295
Empty weight
Baggage area 1
56
Baggage area 2
Fuel main tanks
264
Fuel Aux tanks
0
Oil
Total
2970
CG = Moment / Weight
Front seat occupants............................................
Rear seat occupants............................................
Fuel......................................................................
Baggage ……………………………………………
340 lb
295 lb
44 gal
56 lb
289 x 100 = 28900
340 lb
340 x 85 = 28900
Weight and Balance Calculations
Weight
Empty weight
2015
Pilot & Front Passenger
340
Rear Passengers
295
Baggage area 1
ARM
Moment
155400
85
28900
56
Baggage area 2
Fuel main tanks
264
Fuel Aux tanks
0
Oil
Total
2970
CG = Moment / Weight
Front seat occupants............................................
Rear seat occupants............................................
Fuel......................................................................
Baggage ……………………………………………
340 lb
295 lb
44 gal
56 lb
340 x 85 = 28900
Weight and Balance Calculations
Weight
Empty weight
ARM
2015
Moment
155400
Pilot & Front Passenger
340
85
28900
Rear Passengers
295
121
35695
56
140
7840
264
75
19800
Baggage area 1
Baggage area 2
Fuel main tanks
Fuel Aux tanks
Oil
Total
0
2970
247635
Weight and Balance Calculations
Weight
Empty weight
ARM
2015
Moment
155400
Pilot & Front Passenger
340
85
28900
Rear Passengers
295
121
35695
56
140
7840
264
75
19800
Baggage area 1
CG = MOM / Weight
247635 / 2970 = 83.37
Baggage area 2
Fuel main tanks
Fuel Aux tanks
Oil
Total
0
2970
Answer
A – within limits
B – 20lb overweight, CG within limits
C – Weight within limits, CG out of limits
forward
247635
Max weight
2950
Actual Weight
2970
- 20
Mom Limits @ 2950lb
Min
2422 x 100 = 242200
Max
2499 x 100 = 249900
6. Which action can adjust the airplane’s weight to max gross weight
and the CG within limits for takeoff?
Front seat Occupants
Rear seat Occupants
Fuel
425 lb
300 lb
44 gal
A – Drain 12 gallons of fuel
B – Drain 9 gallons of fuel
C – Transfer 12 gallons of fuel from the main
Tanks to the auxiliary tanks
Weight and Balance Calculations
Weight
ARM
Empty weight
Pilot & Front Passenger
Rear Passengers
Baggage area 1
Baggage area 2
Fuel main tanks
Fuel Aux tanks
Oil
Total
CG = Moment / Weight
Front seat occupants............................................ 425 lb
Rear seat occupants............................................ 300 lb
Fuel...................................................................... 44 gal
Moment
Weight and Balance Calculations
Weight
Empty weight
ARM
2015
Moment
155400
Pilot & Front Passenger
425
85
36125
Rear Passengers
300
121
36300
264
75
19800
1554 x 100 = 155400
Baggage area 1
Baggage area 2
Fuel main tanks
Fuel Aux tanks
Oil
Total
3004
247625
CG = Moment / Weight
Front seat occupants............................................ 425 lb
Rear seat occupants............................................ 300 lb
Fuel...................................................................... 44 gal
44 x 6 = 265 lb
Weight and Balance Calculations
Weight
Empty weight
ARM
Moment
2015
155400
Pilot & Front Passenger
425
85
36125
Rear Passengers
300
121
36300
264
75
19800
Baggage area 1
Baggage area 2
Fuel main tanks
Fuel Aux tanks
Oil
Total
CG = mom / weight
247625
3004
Answer
A – Drain 12 gallons of fuel
B – Drain 9 gallons of fuel
C – Transfer 12 gallons of fuel
from the main
Tanks to the auxiliary tanks
247625 / 3004 = 82.43
Max Weight
2950 lb
Actual weight
3004 lb
54 lb
CG limits
Fwd
82.1
Aft
84.7
Actual
82.43
Weight and Balance Calculations
Weight
Empty weight
ARM
Moment
2015
155400
Pilot & Front Passenger
425
85
36125
Rear Passengers
300
121
36300
210
264
75
15750
19800
Baggage area 1
Baggage area 2
Fuel main tanks
Fuel Aux tanks
CG = mom / weight
Oil
Total
243575
247625
2950
3004
Answer
A – Drain 12 gallons of fuel
B – Drain 9 gallons of fuel
C – Transfer 12 gallons of fuel
from the main
Tanks to the auxiliary tanks
Max
Weight
Max
Weight
Actual
weight
Actual
weight
243575 / 2950 = 82.56
2950
2950
lb lb
2950
3004
lb lb
54 lb
CG limits
Fwd
82.1
Aft
84.7
Actual
82.56
7. What effect does a 35 gallon fuel burn have on the weight and
balance if the airplane weighed 2890 pounds and the moment / 100 was
2452 at takeoff?
A – Weight is reduced by 210 lbs and the CG is unaffected
B – Weight is reduced to 2680 lbs and the CG moves forward
C – Weight is reduced by 210 lbs and the CG is aft of limits
Weight
2890 lb
Mom / 100
2452
Weight and Balance Calculations
Weight
ARM
Moment
Empty weight
Pilot & Front Passenger
Rear Passengers
Baggage area 1
Baggage area 2
Fuel main tanks
Fuel Aux tanks
Oil
Total
Weight change
35 gal x 6 = 210 lbs
2890 – 210 = 2680 lbs
Mom change ?
2890
245200
Weight and Balance Calculations
Weight
ARM
Moment
Empty weight
Pilot & Front Passenger
Rear Passengers
Baggage area 1
Baggage area 2
Fuel main tanks
Fuel Aux tanks
Oil
Total
2680
2890
Weight change
Mom change
35 gal x 6 = 210 lbs
245200 – 15800 = 229400
2890 – 210 = 2680 lbs
229400
245200
Weight
2680 lb
Mom / 100
2294
7. What effect does a 35 gallon fuel burn have on the weight and
balance if the airplane weighed 2890 pounds and the moment / 100 was
2452 at takeoff?
A – Weight is reduced by 210 lbs and the CG is unaffected
B – Weight is reduced to 2680 lbs and the CG moves forward
C – Weight is reduced by 210 lbs and the CG is aft of limits