Transcript ppt

Industrial Revolution and
Demographic Transition
• Current world population (2006) – 6.3 billion
Fig. 3.2: Population dot density map shows clusters of population.
• Current world population (2006) – 6.3 billion
Fig. 3.2: Cartogram of the world’s population shows the area of each country in
proportion to its population.
Population Distribution
Fig. 3.4:
Fig. 3.5:
United States
China
Factors Influencing Population Distribution
• Physical environment
• Economic and political organization
– Labor markets, job opportunities, infrastructure
• Demographic components
– Fertility, mortality, migration
• Social disasters
• Policies
– Taxation, zoning, planning, laws (USSR)
• Historical circumstances
• Colonialism in the developing world
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Migration
• Migration: movement involving a permanent
change of residence.
• Causes of migration
– Push factors: bad things where people start (no
jobs, low wages, poverty, no land, famine, war)
– Pull factor: good things where people go to
(good job, educational opportunities, land, city
life, freedom)
– Some migration is involuntary (slavery, for
example)
Economics of migration – as wages reach equilibrium in the two places,
migration will end. This equilibrium has not yet occurred.
Fig. 3.35: Undocumented (illegal) migration from Mexico to U.S.
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Barriers to migration
Characteristics of migrants
Consequences of migration
Patterns of migration
– Intercontinental migration
– Inter-regional migration
– Rural-urban migration
Fig. 3.36: Immigration to the U.S. by region of origin
• Fig. 3.37
Fig. 3.40: Intercontinental migration flows are dominated by people leaving the
developing world in search of opportunities in the developed world.
Fig.3.38: Net international migration rates around the world.
Fig.3.39: Migration to the U.S.
Fig. 3.40: Migration to Europe
• Modeling Migration
– The Gravity Model (in geography)
• Based on Newton’s law of gravitation
• Helps to explain flows between two cities, “i” and “j”
• The flow or Interaction (Ij) is equal to the mass or Population (Pi) of the
first city, times the mass or Population (Pj) of the second city, divided by
the distance between the two, raised to a power given by Iij = Pi * Pj
divided by Dij squared
• Basic principles:
– Larger places have greater drawing power for flows of commodities,
people, and information than smaller places
– Places that are more distant have a weaker attraction for one
another than closer places
– It’s a description, not a causal explanation