Transcript CH 2 -CH 2
Basic Chemistry V Vladimíra Kvasnicová Exercise methane ethane hexane 3-methylpentane Exercise trans but-2-ene cis but-2-ene http://www.gunthersclass.com/24_10.jpg Exercise trans 1,2-dichlorocyclohexane cis 1,2-dichlorocyclohexane http://www.arthistoryclub.com/art_history/Geometric_isomerism Exercise Call the compound using the general rule of naming: locant-substituent(s)-prefix-locant of multiple bond-suffix CH3-CH2-CH(CH2CH2CH3)-CH=CH-C(CH3)2-CH3 5-ethyl-2,2-dimethyloct-3-ene other substituents than alkyls: F = fluoro, Cl = chloro, Br = bromo, I = iodo NO2 = nitro Hydrocarbon derivatives carboxylic acid • R-COOH aliphatic / -oic acid (-dioic acid) / - tricarboxylic acid • cyclic 1. hydrocarbon –oic acid (propanoic acid) 2. common names (propionic acid) reactions: / - carboxylic acid dissociation → carboxylate (= anion) reduction → aldehyde Hydrocarbon derivatives sulfonic acid R-SO3H • sulfo- / sulfonic acid 1. hydrocarbon sulfonic acid reactions: (methane sulfonic acid) dissociation → sulfonate (= anion) reduction → thiol Hydrocarbon derivatives aldehyde R-CHO • aliphatic • cyclic 1. hydrocarbon –al (methanal) 2. common names (formaldehyde) reactions: formyl- / -al - carbaldehyde oxidation → carboxylic acid reduction → primary alcohol Hydrocarbon derivatives ketone R1-CO-R2 • aliphatic • cyclic unsaturated diketones = quinones 1. hydrocarbon –one (propanone) 2. hydrocarbon rests ketone (dimethyl ketone) 3. common names (acetone) reactions: oxo- or keto- / -one reduction → secondary alcohol Hydrocarbon derivatives alcohol R-OH • aliphatic hydroxy- / -ol • aromatic = phenols common names • sulfur-containing = thiols sulfanyl- / -thiol 1. hydrocarbon –ol (methanol) 2. hydrocarbon rest alcohol (methyl alcohol) reactions: (-diol, -triol) oxidation → aldehyde or ketone dehydration → unsaturated hydrocarbon Hydrocarbon derivatives amine • R-NH2 R1-NH-R2 R1-N(R2)-R3 amino- / -amine (-diamine) 1. hydrocarbon rest(s) –amine (propylamine) 2. hydrocarbon -amine (propaneamine) reactions: oxidation → nitro compound protonation → ammonium cation Hydrocarbon derivatives ether R1-O-R2 • alk(yl)oxy- / -ether • sulfur-containing = sulfide R1-S-R2 1. hydrocarbon rests ether / - sulfide (ethyl propyl ether) Hydrocarbon derivatives halogen derivative R-X X = F, Cl, Br, I halogeno- / (fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo-) 1. halogeno- hydrocarbon nitro derivative (chloromethane) R-NO2 nitro- / 1. nitro- hydrocarbon (nitromethane) Important terms oxidation: dehydrogenation (-2 H), oxygenation(+O) CH3-CH(OH)-COOH → CH3-CO-COOH + 2 H reduction: hydrogenation (+2 H) CH3-CO-COOH + 2 H → CH3-CH(OH)-COOH hydration /dehydration HOOC-CH=CH-COOH +H2O HOOC-CH2-CH(OH)-COOH Important carboxylic acids - C2 1. CH3-COOH acetic acid 2. CH3-COO- acetate 3. CH3-CO- acetyl 4. CH2(NH2)-COOH glycine Important carboxylic acids – C3 1. CH3-CH2-COOH propionic acid 2. CH3-CH(NH2)-COOH alanine 3. CH3-CH(OH)-COOH lactic acid 4. CH3-CO-COOH pyruvic acid 5. HOOC-CH2-COOH malonic acid C4 1. CH3-CH2-CH2-COOH butyric ac. 2. CH3-CH(OH)-CH2-COOH -hydroxybutyric 3. CH3-CO-CH2-COOH acetoacetic acid 4. HOOC-CH2-CH2-COOH succinic acid 5. HOOC-CH=CH-COOH fumaric acid trans 6. HOOC-CH(OH)-CH2-COOH malic acid 7. HOOC-CO-CH2-COOH oxaloacetic acid 8. HOOC-CH(NH2)-CH2-COOH aspartic acid 9. HOOC-CH(NH2)-CH2-CONH2 asparagine 1. CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-COOH valeric acid 2. CH3-CH(CH3)-CH(NH2)-COOH valine 3. HOOC-CH2-CH2-CH2-COOH glutaric acid 4. HOOC-CO-CH2-CH2-COOH 2-oxoglutaric 5. HOOC-CH(NH2)-(CH2)2-COOH glutamic acid 6. HOOC-CH(NH2)-(CH2)2-CONH2 glutamine C5