Transcript A child with high fever and pain
A child with high fever and pain
J C Mulder Rotary Doctors Nederland 8 januari 2014
WHO IMCI
• • •
Assess and classify the sick child Treat the child
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2 months-5 years
Aim: reduction morbidity and mortality
• • •
WHO triage systeem: ETAT (Emergency Triage and Treatment)
1 emergency 2 priority 3 nonurgent • (compare APLS)
Children High fever and pain
• What to do in a setting with limited lab facilities, X-ray, CT and MRI access and no consultants/referral possibilities
Case 1
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History: Peter 3 years of age, since 3 days a cold. Tonight
suddenly more ill with high fever of 40º C . Grasping right ear. Refuses to drink.
Examination: An ill looking child, tilted head, non-
coöperative. Right ear stands away. You are not allowed to touch it.
What else do you want to know?
What do you examine?
What is your dd?
What is your action?
Mastoiditis
• • • • • • Status after otitis media acuta Ear stands away/ pitting oedema behind ear Pain and high fever Admission! to hospital Lab.; OR? Depends on age and duration and facilities (Surgeon ENT experience) When full mastoidectomy is feared,make abscess
incision
antibiotics i.v. Start 1st dose orally! WHO:Chloramphenicol and benzylpenicillin 10 days •
Pain relief: paracetamol
Complications: extradural abscess, meningitis, brain abscess, facial nerve paralysis, sinus trombosis
OMA Otitis Media Acuta
• • • • • Pain!!! Paracetamol Paracentesis?
Causes: Pneumococ, Haem. Infl. En Moraxella C.
Meestal spontane perforatie< 48 uur Antibiotics (?) : Amoxicilline 7 days or cotrimoxazole Chronic ear infection/ cholesteatoom: attico antrotomia (chronic mastoiditis)-ENT DD otitis externa
Tonsillitis (NTVG 4 januari)
• • Volwassenen: complicaties moeilijk voorspelbaar: peritonsillair absces, otitis media, sinusitis, huidinfectie-(late Streptococ A complicaties: Scarlet fever, PSGNefritis, acuut rheuma.) Direct voorgeschreven AB verlagen kans daarop niet (Britse h.a. studie 600 pr.) Meer kans op Strept. A bij: koorts, purulente tonsillen, halsklieren, pijn • Veelal virale oorzaak DD M. Pfeiffer • •
Hoe te handelen bij kinderen in de tropen?
Smal spectrum penicilline 3-6 dagen
Epiglottitis
• • • • • • • High temperature Haemophilus influenzae -
vaccination
Inspiratory stridor ++ Inspection throat on OR with pediatrician, ENT specialist and anaesthesiologist Often need for intubation and PICU -
Alternative: tracheostomia
Dd pseudocroup (laryngitis subglottica): less ill;lower temperature Antibiotics
• • • •
Acute lymfadenitis colli
Snel ontstaan Hoge koorts Cave abscedering: fluctuatie? Evt. echo -
Evt. incisie en drainage
Amoxicilline/clavulaanzuur ivm naast GAS ook SAureus
Ethmoiditis
• • • • Upper respiratory tract infection Ill looking/in pain
Red eye or chemosis Oedema of the orbita
• • • • • Always admission X ray and lab I.V. a.b.Start 1st dose orally! Sometimes OR Complication: sinus-trombosis
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Case 2
Sabine, 9 years of age refuses to walk because of a painful right knee+ upper leg. T.: 39º5 C -
1 What do you want to know 2 What do you examine 3 What is your dd 4 What is your action?
•
Artritis≠ artralgia
Cave septic artritis: always admission for proper diagnosis and treatment • Dd osteomyelitis in young children especially • • • • Acuut Rheumatic Fever PSRA JIA trauma
Septic artritis 1 (
pyogenic bacteria)
• • • Clinical Features: -
Mostly knee or hip(80%): Why?
Unilateral High fever and pain: Site/Age/Agent dependant Poly-articular: neonates: Why?
Examination:Hip: -
Flexed leg/abduction/exorotation
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Pain on passive movement/refusal to walk Artritis hip can present with kneepain!
Signs of inflammation: -
red, hot, painful, swollen and loss of function
Septic artritis 2
• Causative agents: -
Staph.Aureus and strept.A
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N.gon. (adolescents) Strep.B and gram – bact. In neonates
Septic artritis 3 Management
No delay ( hip catastrophic ) • Always joint aspiration: synovial fluid: gram/WBC/culture • • Start iv antibiotics (tropics: chloramphenicol) X ray?
• • •
Ultrasonography?
Lab.: ESR,CRP,CBC c. diff.,Culture, ASO-titer Follow up temperature and CRP or ESR
Osteomyelitis
• Acute/subacute/chronic -
Extremities: 70% tibia, femur, and humerus
Hematogenous in children -
Site of entry/local invasion
• Clinical features: -
age related pain and immobility
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the younger, the more signs on P/E: cellulitis
Causes: 20-50% culture negative!
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S.Aureus ( beware of MRSA)> 3years Strep.B(infants) Strep.A /S. Pneum.and Hib(in toddlers)
Salmonella(sickle cell disease)
Lab.: High WBC, ESR and CRP: follow up
X-ray?
Osteomyelitis treatment
• • • • • • • Depending on age and causative agent: In general < 3 years chloramphenicol > 3years cloxacillin or flucloxacillin or clindamycine older children (or chloramphenicol) Africa: chloramphenicol <3 y or sickle cell Duration 3 weeks minimum Switch from I>V to oral depending on clinical course(pain and fever) and lab CRP Chronic o.: surgery Cave TB
Acute Rheumatic Fever 1
• • • • • • 2-4 w after strep.A tonsillo-pharyngitis Age 5-15 years preferrably Clinical diagnosis Jones criteria:2+1 or 1+2 -
Major: 1.migratory artritis 2. pancarditis (leading to valvular damage and CHF) 3. cns involvement(Chorea) 4. erythema marginatum 5. s.c. nodules Minor:arthralgia, fever, elevated ESR and CRP, prolonged PR interval
Lab.: ESR CRP ASO Recurrent disease not easy to establish Complications RHD f.e. Mitral regurgitation
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ARF 2
DD: also PSRA
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Shorter interval to throat infection
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Mostly one joint Less ill No reaction to aspirin No cardiac symptoms
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Don’t meet Jones Criteria
Management of ARF: -
Eradicate streptococcal infection Aspirin for 2 weeks Prednisolone in case of carditis (then postpone aspirin) ECG Joint aspiration when fluid is present: sterile
Myocarditis
• • • • • • • • High fever, acute onset Viral: many different viruses/part of ARF Tachypneua, increased respiratory efforts Tachycardia
Dilated heart on chest Xray
Congestive Heart Failure DD cardiomyopathy, sometimes very difficult to distinguish Treatment supportive
Case 3
• • • Boy, 7 years, since 2d pain right lower abdomen,slight fever, nausea,vomiting. After 2d more abdominal pain, fever 39.5C. O/E sick boy, knees up. Defense musculaire right lower abdomen pain on palpation Laparoscopy: perforated appendix!
Patient delay!
Peritonitis
• • Primaire peritonitis: complicatie GAS -
DD o.a. Typhus
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Cave bij Nefrotisch Syndrome: Staph. Aureus Th./ breed spectrum antibiotica
Secundair: Appendicitis- perforatie -
Buikpijn, percussiepijn en défense Th./ chirurgie
• • • • • • • • • •
Brucellosis
Persistent or relapsing fever (Malaria -) Malaise Musculoskeletal pain Lower backache Splenomegaly Anaemia History of drinking unboiled milk Low wbc PCR Serology Elisa Culture R./ adults: doxycycline + 1 week gentamycine i.m.
children: cotrimoxazole with gentamycine 1 w or rifampicine 6-8 weeks
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Urgent illnesses with high fever in children
Meningitis-Encephalitis-Mastoiditis-Ethmoiditis-URTI Sepsis -
Meningococcal Urosepsis after pyelonefritis
NTSS
Pneumonia: pleural effusion Peritonitis NS
Malaria!
Septic Artritis -
Rheumatic Fever
Osteomyelitis sickle cell! Epiglottitis
Typhoid Fever
Myocarditis
Pyomyositis Brucellosis