Chapter 18 The French Revolution

The French Monarchy: 1775 - 1793

Marie Antoinette & Louis XVI By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

Section 1 The Crisis of the French Monarchy

1. Why has pre-Revolutionary France been called a rich nation with an impoverished government? How did the financial weakness of the French monarchy lay the foundations of the revolution of 1789?

Jacques Necker 2. What did Chancellor René Maupeou do in an attempt to collect new taxes?

Charles Alexandre de Calonne, portrait by Marie Louise Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun .

2. How was Necker's approach to dealing with France's financial difficulties different from Turgot? 3. What were Charles Calonne's economic proposals? Why was he shocked at the refusal of the Assembly of Notables to endorse them? 4. What was the impact of the American Revolution on France and on the rest of Europe? 5. Why was the Estates-General reconvened after a century and a half?

Financial Problems in France, 1789

a Urban Commoner’s Budget: – Food 80% – Rent 25% – Tithe 10% – Taxes 35% – Clothing 20% – TOTAL 170% a King’s Budget: – Interest 50% – Army 25% – Versailles 25% – Coronation 10% – Loans 25% – Admin. 25% – TOTAL 160% By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

Where is the tax money?

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

Marie Antoinette and the Royal Children

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

Marie Antoinette’s “Peasant Cottage”

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

Marie Antoinette’s “Peasant Cottage”

The Necklace Scandal

Y Y Cardinal Louis René Édouard de Rohan The Countess de LaMotte By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY 1,600,000 livres [$100 million today]

Section 2 The Revolution of 1789

1. In the local elections which ultimately sent representatives to the Estates General, which groups held a majority in each Estate? 2. What was Abbé Sieyès's view of the third estate? Why did the third estate clash with the other privileged estates?

3. What was the intent of the nobility when the Estates General was called into session? What was the reaction of the Third Estate? 4. How was the Estates General transformed into the National Assembly?

Abbé Sieyès 1748-1836

Section 2 The Revolution of 1789

5. What events led to the Tennis Court Oath on June 20, 1789? Why did Louis XVI falter & support the nobles?

6. What was the significance of the fall of the Bastille? Why did it help save the National Assembly and the Revolution? 7. Trace and account for the increasing intervention of the peasants and other commoners in the summer and early fall of 1789. 8. What was the Great Fear? What was its impact on the National Assembly? 9. What principles of the new state were created in the August 26, 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man ? What role did women play?

10. What were Louis XVI’s most serious mistakes during the French Revolution? Had he been a more able ruler, could the French Revolution have been avoided or a constitutional monarchy could have succeeded? Did the revolution have little to do with the competence of the monarch?

“The Tennis Court Oath”

by Jacques Louis David By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY June 20, 1789

T he Great Fear: Peasant Revolt

(July 20, 1789) Y Rumors that the feudal aristocracy [the aristos] were sending hired brigands to attack peasants and pillage their land.

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

T he Path of the “Great Fear”

Night Session of August 4, 1789

Y Before the night was over:  The feudal regime in France had been abolished.

 All Frenchmen were, at least in principle, subject to the same laws and the same taxes and eligible for the same offices.

Equality & Meritocracy!

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

National Constituent Assembly

1789 - 1791

Liberté!

Egalité!

Fraternité!

August Decrees

August 4-11, 1789 (A renunciation of aristocratic privileges!) By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

BUT . . . . .

Y Y Feudal dues were not renounced outright [this had been too strong a threat to the principle of private property!] Peasants would compensate their landlords through a series of direct payments for obligations from which they had supposedly been freed.

 Therefore, the National Assembly made revolutionary gestures, but remained essentially moderate.

Their Goal Safeguard the right of private property!!

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

T he Tricolor (1789)

The WHITE of the Bourbons + the RED & BLUE of Paris.

Citizen!

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

T he Tricolor is the Fashion!

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

Section 3 The Reconstruction of France

What was the difference between ‘active’ and ‘passive’ citizens?

How did the new Constituent Assembly raise money?

What changes too place under the 1790 Civil Constitution of the Clergy?

Who were the émigrés ? What was the Flight to Varennes? Why did this take place? What were its long term ramifications? What was the Declaration of Pillnitz? How did this declaration unite the divided revolutionary factions against the monarchy & other European monarchies?

•

“Let them eat cake”?

Revolutionary Symbols

Cockade Revolutionary Clock By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

La Republic Liberté

T he Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

August 26, 1789 V Liberty!

V Property!

V Resistance to oppression!

V Thomas Jefferson was in Paris at this time.

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

T he Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen Posed New Dilemmas

1.

Did women have equal rights with men?

2.

What about free blacks in the colonies?

3.

How could slavery be justified if all men were born free?

4.

Did religious toleration of Protestants and Jews include equal political rights?

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

March of the Women,

October 5-6, 1789 A spontaneous demonstration of Parisian women for bread.

We want the baker, the baker’s wife and the baker’s boy!

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

Olympe de Gouges

(1745-1793) V Women played a vital role in the Revolution.

V But, The Declaration

of the Rights of Man

did NOT extend the rights and protections of citizenship to women.

Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Citizen

(1791)

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

T he “October Days”

(1789)

The king was thought to be surrounded by evil advisors at Versailles so he was forced to move to Paris and reside at the Tuileries Palace .

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

How to Finance the New Govt.?

1.

Confiscate Church Lands (1790) One of the most controversial decisions of the entire revolutionary period.

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

2.

Print

Assignats

V V Issued by the National Constituent Assembly.

Interest-bearing notes which had the church lands as security.

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

T he Civil Constitution of the Clergy

July 12, 1790

Jurying

vs.

The oath of allegiance permanently divided the Catholic population!

Non-Jurying [refractory]

Clergy By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

New Relations Between Church & State

V V V Government paid the salaries of the French clergy and maintained the churches.

The church was reorganized:    Parish priests  assemblies.

elected by the district Bishops  named by the department assemblies.

The pope had NO voice in the appointment of the French clergy.

It transformed France’s Roman Catholic Church into a branch of the state!!

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY Pope Pius VI [1775-1799]

T he French Constitution of 1791: A Bourgeois Government V V The king got the prevented the passage of laws for 4 years].

“suspensive” veto

[which   He could not pass laws.

His ministers were responsible for their own actions.

A permanent, elected, single chamber National Assembly.

 Had the power to grant taxation.

V An independent judiciary.

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

T he French Constitution of 1791: A Bourgeois Government V V

“Active” Citizen

amounting to 3 days labor] could vote vs.

“Passive” Citizen

[who pays taxes

.

  1/3 of adult males were denied the franchise.

Domestic servants were also excluded.

A newly elected

LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY

.

GOAL

 Make sure that the country was not turned over to the mob!

83 Revolutionary Departments

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY February 26, 1790

Y Y Y Y

T he Royal Family Attempts to Flee

June, 1791 Helped by the Swedish Count Hans Axel von Fusen [Marie Antoinette’s lover].

Headed toward the Luxembourg border.

The King was recognized at Varennes, near the border By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

T he First Coalition & T he Brunswick Manifesto

(August 3, 1792) Duke of Brunswick  if the Royal Family is harmed, Paris will be leveled!!

FRANCE

1792 1797

AUSTRIA PRUSSIA BRITAIN SPAIN PIEDMONT This military crisis undermined the new By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY Legislative Assembly.

French Soldiers & the Tricolor: Vive Le Patrie!

V The French armies were ill-prepared for the conflict.

V ½ of the officer corps had emigrated.

V Many men disserted.

V New recruits were enthusiastic, but ill-trained.

V French troops often broke ranks and fled in disorder.

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

French Expansion:

1791-1799

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

Sir Edmund Burke (1790):

Reflections on the Revolution in France The conservative response to the French Revolution By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

Section 4 The End of the Monarchy: a Second Revolution

What was the Revolution of 1792 & why did it occur?

What were the policies of the Girondins? What groups supported them?

What happened when Francis II became Emperor of Austria?

Who were the sans-culottes & how did they become a factor in the politics of the period?

How influential were the sans-culottes ‘the Terror’?

during

Section 4 The End of the Monarchy: a Second Revolution

Who were the Jacobins? What did they stand for?

Why did the Jacobins and sans-culottes cooperate at first?

Who was Citizen Capet? What was his fate?

T he “Second” French Revolution

 The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]  Thermidorian Reaction: 1794-1795  The Directory  1795-1799 By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

Attitudes & actions of monarchy & court Fear of Counter Revolution The Causes of Instability in France 1792 - 1795 Religious divisions Economi c Crises War Political divisions

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

T he Jacobins

Jacobin Meeting House By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY     They held their meetings in the library of a former Jacobin monastery in Paris.

Started as a debating society.

Membership mostly middle class.

Created a vast network of clubs.

T he

Sans-Culottes:

T he Parisian Working Class

 Small shopkeepers.

 Tradesmen.

 Artisans.

They shared many of the ideals of their middle class representatives in government!

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

T he

Sans-Culottes

Depicted as Savages by a British Cartoonist.

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

T he Storming of the Tuilieres:

August 9-10, 1792 This was triggered in part by the publication in Paris of the August 3 Brunswick Manifesto, which confirmed popular suspicions concerning the king’s treason.

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

T he September Massacres,

1792 (T he dark side of the Revolution!)    Rumors that the anti-revolutionary political prisoners were plotting to break out & attack from the rear the armies defending France, while the Prussians attacked from the front.

Buveurs de sang

[“drinkers of blood.”]  over 1000 killed!

It discredited the Revolution among its remaining sympathizers abroad.

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

  By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

T he National Convention

(September, 1792) Its first act was the formal abolition of the monarchy on September 22, 1792.

 The

Year I

of the French Republic.

The Decree of Fraternity

 it offered French assistance to any subject peoples who wished to overthrow their governments.

When France sneezes, all of Europe catches cold!

T he Political Spectrum

TODAY: 1790s:

Montagnards

(“The Mountain”) The Plain (swing votes)

Girondists Monarchíen

(Royalists)

Jacobins

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

T he Politics of the National Convention (1792-1795)

Montagnards

 Power base in Paris.

 Main support from the sans-culottes.

 Would adopt extreme measures to achieve their goals.

 Saw Paris as the center of the Revolution.

 More centralized [in Paris] approach to government.

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

Girondists

 Power base in the provinces.

 Feared the influence of the sans-culottes.

 Feared the dominance of Paris in national politics.

 Supported more national government centralization [federalism].

T he “Purifying” Pot of the Jacobin

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

Louis XVI as a Pig

c For the Montagnards, the king was a traitor.

c The Girondins felt that the Revolution had gone far enough and didn’t want to execute the king [maybe exile him].

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

Louis XVI’s Head

(January 21, 1793) c c c The trial of the king was hastened by the discovery in a secret cupboard in the Tuilieres of a cache of documents.

They proved conclusively Louis’ knowledge and encouragement of foreign intervention.

The National Convention voted

387 to 334

to execute the monarchs.

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

T he Death of “Citizen” Louis Capet

Matter for reflection for the crowned jugglers.

So impure blood doesn’t soil our land!

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

Marie Antoinette as a Serpent

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY The “Widow Capet”

Marie Antoinette on the Way to the Guillotine

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

Marie Antoinette Died in October, 1793

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

Section 4: Europe at War With the Revolution On what points did Edmund Burke attack the Second French Revolution in his book Reflections on the Revolution in France ?

What were the political consequences of the French Revolution on British politics?

What were the consequences of the French Revolution upon Poland?

Why did France go to war with Austria in 1792? What were the benefits & drawbacks for France of fighting an external war in the midst of a domestic political revolution?

Section 4: Europe at War With the Revolution

Section 5: The Reign of Terror

What nations formed the First Coalition against France? What were these nations seeking to achieve in going to war against revolutionary France?

What was the result of the War of the First Coalition?

Napoleon at the Battle of Rivoli , by Felix Philipoteaux

T he

Levee en Masse:

An Entire Nation at Arms! – 500,000 Soldiers An army based on merit, not birth!

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

Section 5: The Reign of Terror What were the causes of the Terror?

What was the Committee of Public Safety?

How did the Jacobins use the sans culottes to secure power in the Convention in 1793?

What was the Levée en Masse? Why is it considered such an important aspect of early modern history?

What was the ‘Republic of Virtue’? Who was its leader? Why did the Jacobins attempt to de Christianize France? What was Robespierre’s reaction to this attempt?

T he Reign of Terror

Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible.

-- Robespierre

Let terror be the order of the day!

c c The Revolutionary Tribunal of Paris alone executed 2,639 victims in 15 months.

The total number of victims nationwide was over 20,000!

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

Different Social Classes Executed

8% 7% 28% 25% 31%

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

T he De-Christianization Program 1.

The adoption of a new Republican Calendar :  abolished Sundays & religious holidays.

 months named after seasonal features.

 7-day weeks replaced by 10-day decades.

 the yearly calendar was dated from the creation of the Republic [Sept. 22, 1792] The Convention symbolically divorced the state from the Church!!

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

T he New Republican Calendar

New Name

Vendemaire Brumaire Frimaire Nivose Pluviose Ventose Germinal Floreal Prairial Messidor Thermidor Fructidor

Meaning

Vintage Fog Frost Snow Rain Wind Budding Flowers Meadow Harvest Heat Fruit

Time Period

September 22 – October 21 October 22 – November 20 November 21 – December 20 December 21 – January 19 January 20 – February 18 February 19 – March 20 March 21 – April 19 April 20 – May 19 May 20 – June 18 June 19 – July 18 July 19 – August 17 August 18 – September 21

A New Republican Calendar Year I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV 1792 – 1793 1793 – 1794 1794 – 1795 1795 – 1796 1796 – 1797 1797 – 1798 1798 – 1799 1799 – 1800 1800 – 1801 1801 – 1802 1802 – 1803 1803 – 1804 1804 – 1805 1805 The Gregorian System returned in 1806.

Section 5: The Reign of Terror

What brought about an end to the Terror? What events led to the downfall of Robespierre & the Committee of Public Safety?

How did Robespierre bring about his own downfall?

What happened during the Thermidorian Reaction? What social class emerged triumphant from the Revolution?

What was the Directory? What sort of government did it establish?

How did General Napoleon Bonaparte secure a hold on power during the Directory?

T he “T hermidorian Reaction”

V Curtailed the power of the Committee for Public Safety.

V V V Closed the Jacobin Clubs.

Churches were reopened.

 1795  granted.

freedom of worship for all cults was Economic restrictions were lifted in favor of laissez-faire policies.

V August, 1795  written a new Constitution is  more conservative republicanism.

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

Characteristics of the Directory

V V V V V The Paris Commune was outlawed.

The Law of 22 Prairial was revoked.

People involved in the original Terror were now attacked 

“White” Terror

Inflation continues.

Rule by rich bourgeois liberals.

V Self-indulgence  frivolous culture; salons return; wild fashions.

V Political corruption.

V Revival of Catholicism.

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

V T he Government Structure of the New Directory 5-man executive committee or

oligarchy

[to avoid a dictatorship].

V Tried to avoid the dangers of a one-house legislature.

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY     Council of 500  initiates legislation.

Council of Elders [250 members]  widowed males over 40 years of age.

married or o They accepted or rejected the legislation.

Both houses elected by electors who owned or rented property worth 100-200 days’ labor [limited to 30,000 voters].

The electors were elected by all males over 21 who were taxpayers.

Political Instability:

1795-1796     April, 1795  Inflation; bread riots.

May 20, 1795 

Revolt of Prairial [Year III]

October, 1795 :   V

endée

and Brittany revolted.

Military suppressed them.

May, 1796  First “communist” revolt 

Gracchus Babeuf

and the

Conspiracy of Equals”

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

18 Brumaire

(Nov. 9, 1799) 

Coup d’é

tat by Napoleon.

 Approved by a plebiscite in December.

 Abbe Sieyès:

Confidence from below; authority from above.

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY