Transcript lecture 07-04-2010.oils shale

Oil shale – viewed in the light of the
Estonian experience
1
What is Oil Shale ?
Oil shale is a sedimentary rock containing organic
matter rich in hydrogen, known as kerogen Estonian oil
shale:
C10 H15.2 O0.93 S0.08 N0.03
Oil shales of different deposits differ by, for example,
genesis, composition, calorific value and oil yield
Oil shale also contains mineral matter. In Estonian
oil shale carbonates and sandy-clayey minerals
2
Global shale oil resources (million US barrels)
3 500 000
Shale oil resources (million U.S. barrels)
3 170 000
3 000 000
2 500 000
2 100 000
2 000 000
1 500 000
1 000 000
372 000
372 000
500 000
159 000
84 000
83 000
0
Global
Africa
Asia
Australia
Europe
North
America
South
America
3
Grade of the global oil shale deposits in
liters of oil per ton
> 150 l/t
1%
< 45 l/t
25%
90-150 l/t
31%
45 - 90 l/t
43%
4
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Shale oil resources (million U.S. barrels)
European shale oil resources (million US barrels)
300 000
250 000
247 883
200 000
150 000
100 000
73 000
50 000
18 686
7 000 6 988 6 114 4 193 3 500 2 000
675
0
690
305
280
125
55
48
8
6
5
Production of oil shale in million metric tons
from selected oil shale deposits from 1880 to
2000
6
Estonian oil shale reserves by fields and
structure of the layer
a)
b)
a) 1 – outcrop line of the shale bed; 2 – exhausted areas; 3 – operating mines and opencasts;
4 – mine field boundary; 5 – county boundary; 6 – boundaries of parts of Estonia deposit; 7 –
southern boundary of Estonia deposit; 8 – active reserve; 9 – passive reserve
b) 1- limestone, 2 – limestone kerogeneous, 3 – oil shal, thickness of the layer 2-3m
7
Oil Shale Mining
underground mining
enrichment of oil shale
opencast mining
reforestation of exhausted
opencast areas
8
What can we produce from 1 ton of Estonian oil
shale?
From 1 ton of oil
shale (2030
kcal/kg)
125 kg of shale oil (9 500 kcal/kg)
35 Nm³ of retort gas (11 200 kcal/m³)
850 kWh of electricity
9
Material flow in the Estonian Oil Shale industry, 2005
OIL SHALE
MINING
14.7 Mt/y
SHALE OIL
PRODUCTION
2.8 Mt/y
Shale oil
400 000 t/y
POWER
GENERATION
10.9 Mt/y
HEAT
PRODUCTION
0.7 Mt/y
Power
9 300 GWh/y
Heat
1 500 GWh/y
CEMENT
PRODUCTION
0.3 Mt/y
Cement
820 000 t/y
10
The development of thermal processing of oil
shale in Estonia
Low-temperature (500–550 ºC) thermal processing
The use of lumpy oil shale (25–125mm)
1924 to date
1928–1960s
1931–1961
Internally heated vertical retorts,
(Pintsch retorts →Kiviter process)
10t → 40t →100t →200t →1000t (→ 1500t,
designed) oil shale per day
Tunnel ovens (horizontal, internally heated)
400t oil shale per day
The Davidson rotary retorts (horizontal,
externally heated)
25t oil shale per day
The use of fine-grained oil shale (<25mm)
1980 to date
Galoter process with solid heat carrier
3000t oil shale per day
High-temperature (> 700 ºC) thermal processing of lumpy oil
shale (25–125mm)
1948–1970
Chamber ovens for gasification of oil shale 400
million m3 gas per year
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Development of power and heat production from oil
shale in Estonia
Construction
date
1930s
MW
heat
Plant
MW electricity
11
1949–1967
Tallinn
KohtlaJärve
39
534
1952–1957
Ahtme
20
338
1959–1971
1969–1973
1995
2004
1624
inc. 4 blocks at 200
Balti
MWe and 8 blocks
686
at 100 MWe
pulverized firing
boilers
1610
inc. 8 blocks at 200
Eesti
84
MWe
pulverized firing
boilers
renovation of turbines, extra repairs of
boilers, new electrostatic precipitators,
demolition of old blocks
two 215 MW Circulated Fluidized Bed (CFB)
units commissioned in Balti and Eesti Power
Plant
12
Emissions from Oil Shale Power Plants
1990-2004, 2005,2006
Emissions from Oil Shale Power Plants
ton/year
200 000
SO2
Fly ash
NOx
160 000
120 000
80 000
40 000
0
1990
2004
2005
2006
13
Emissions from oil shale fired boilers
PC Boilers
CFB Boilers
SO2 bounded
80 %
almost 100 %
SO2 emissions
800-2000 mg/Nm3
0 – 20 mg/Nm3
NOx emissions
300 mg/Nm3
90 – 170 mg/Nm3
Fly Ash Emissions
< 200 mg/Nm3
< 30 mg/Nm3
Net Efficiency of
Power Generation
28-30%
34-36%
CO2 kg/kWhe
1.18 kg/kWhe
1.0 kg/kWhe
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The Environmental Requirements
Influencing on Operation of Oil Shale Fired
Power Plants
•01.01.2008.a. – SO2 binding on existing boilers >65%,
– fly ash emissions < 200 mg/Nm3
•16.07.2009.a. – to reconstruct ash handling systems, and
bring ash landfills in compliance with landfill
directive
• 01.01.2012.a. – SO2 emissions total <25 000 ton/year
• 01.01.2016.a. – Directive on the limitation of emissions
of certain pollutants into the air from large
combustion plants requirements will apply
to all PC boilers, closing of PC boilers:
2004 - 4, 2008 - 4, 2010 - 4
15
Estonian oil shale provides:
 Self-sufficiency for power and heating oil
 Energy security
 Economic efficiency, profitability
-Production prices of oil shale is ~ 8.5 euro per ton
including resource and environmental taxes ~5.5 %
-Production prices of power MWh 28.2 (nuclear, Ignalina 23.7 )
including environmental taxes ~12%
Directive 2004/74/EC oil shale taxation in any form is not required before
1 January 2009
- Selling price of shale oil is about 230-250 euro per t (31-34 euro per
barrel) and it depends from crude oil price in the European market
16
Energy balance in Baltic countries, 2005
Estonia
Total in Baltic
Consumption of primary energy, M toe
 own production, %
5.64
71.1
19.34
62.2
Total capacity power plants, MW
 after closure of Ignalina *), MW
Production of electricity, TWh
 nuclear, %
 hydro, %
 natural gas, %
 oil shale, %
 renewable, %
2300
8800
7500 *)
34.3
44.1
11.8
14.0
27.8
2.3
10.3
6.6
92.6
0.8
17
Huge oil shale resources in the world represent an
important source for future energy supply
1.
Oil Shale could be a useful part of an overall EU energy policy. Oil
shale usage contributes to the security of energy supply in Baltic
region
2.
Direct combustion of oil shale for electricity production has shown
a good technical progress and economic efficiency as one of the
cheapest kinds of power in the Baltic region. Oil shale is also a
useful source of oil and chemicals
3.
The long-term experience of oil shale utilization in Estonia has
turned into valuable know-how for using oil shale of different
deposits over the world
4.
EU should support efforts to further exploitation of the energy
potential hidden in oil shale of the EU member states
18
Back-up information
19
CO2 Emissions from Power Plants
ton/year
25 000 000
20 000 000
19 453 129
15 000 000
11 024 408
10 000 000
9 964 389
9 249 960
2005
2006
5 000 000
0
1990
2004
20
Oil Shale oil retorting process
Drying
Thermal
decomposition
Combustion
To condensation
21
Oil Shale Mineable Seam
•
•
The mineable oil shale seam is of Middle Ordovician age and consists
of seven sub-seams (denominated A through F1) that are divided by
limestone partings of various thicknesses.
Within the active mining areas, the thickness of this oil shale seam,
without partings, ranges between 1.7 m and 2.3 m
22
CFB-Combustion System for Oil Shale
Net Heat to Steam
With oil shale
With shale oil
247 MWth
112,5 MWth
Main Steam 90 kg/s l 535’C l 12.7 MPa
Hot Reheat 77 kg/s l 535’C l 2.4 MPa
Steam Drum 13.3 MPa
NET EFFICIENCY ~37%
23
Oil Shales share in power production
in Estonia is over 95%
Eesti Power Plant 1615 MW
Balti Power Plant 765 MW
Worlds biggest oil shale power
plants are in Estonia
24
Oil Shales share in power production
in Estonia is over 95%
Eesti Power Plant
1615 MW
Balti Power Plant 765
MW
Oil Factory
Worlds biggest oil shale
power plant is Eesti PP
25