Chapter 17: Revolution and Enlightenment (1550-1800)

Section 1: The Scientific Revolution



Causes of the Scientific Revolution

◦ “Natural Philosophers” – medieval scientists – Aristotle ◦ Impact of the Renaissance  Greek and Latin languages          ◦ ◦ Ptolemy, Archimedes, and Plato New Technology and Mathematics Ships - trade New instruments ◦ Telescope and microscope ◦ Printing press Searching for scientific discoveries James Cook ◦

chronometer

◦ scurvy Francois Viete  foundation for the invention of Trigonometry Simon Stevin  decimal system John Napier  table of logarithms Study of mathematics Nicolas Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei, and Isaac Newton

Scientific Revolution

◦ With the development of algebra, geometry and trigonometry



Scientific Breakthroughs



Ptolemaic System

◦

Geocentric

◦ “prime mover” ◦   

Nicolas Copernicus

◦

On Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

◦

Heliocentric Johannes Kepler

◦ Kepler’s First Law

Galileo Galilei

◦

The Starry Messenger



Isaac Newton

◦ Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (Principia) ◦ “World Machine”

Breakthroughs in Medicine

◦  Galen – Greek Physician  Revolution in Medicine: ◦ Andreas Vesalius and William Harvey

Breakthroughs in Chemistry

 

Robert Boyle Antoine Lavoisier



Women’s Contributions

◦

Margaret Cavendish

◦   Received a traditional female education – no science Wrote a number of works on scientific matters

Maria Winkelmann

 Astronomer - her husband Gottfried Kirch   Discovered a comet University of Berlin



Philosophy and Reason

◦

Descartes and Rationalism

◦  

Rene Descartes

Discourse on Method

◦ “I think therefore I am” ◦ Separation of mind and matter ◦ Father of Modern Rationalism

Bacon and the Scientific Method

 Creation of the Scientific Method ◦ Francis Bacon  Believed the scientific method would benefit science that would benefit industry, agriculture, and trade – and help to control and dominate nature

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Section 2: The Enlightenment



Path to the Enlightenment

◦

Enlightenment was a philosophical movement Scientific Revolution

◦ ◦ 

Reason was the key word for the philosophers

◦

Reason, natural law, hope, progress

John Locke

Essay Concerning Human Understanding



tabula rasa

◦

Isaac Newton

 

“World Machine Enlightenment thinkers



Ideas of the Philosophers

◦ Intellectuals of the Enlightenment were known as

Philosophe

◦ ◦

Role of Philosophy

◦ “applies himself to the study of society with the purpose of making his kind better and happier” ◦ Use reason and facts

Montesquieu

◦ Charles-Louis de Secondat, the baron de Montesquieu 

The Sprit of the Laws

◦ Scientific Method ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ 3 basic kinds of governments: Three Branches

Separation of Powers

Checks and Balances   Francois-Marie Arouet – simply know as Voltaire ◦

Treatise on Toleration

◦ ◦ “all men are brothers under God” Promoted Deism

Denis Diderot

◦

Encyclopedia, or Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Trades



New Social Sciences

◦ Social Sciences ◦

Smith on Economics

 Physiocrats ◦ individuals were free to pursue their own economic self-interest, ◦ Laissez-faire – (to let people do what they want) 

Adam Smith

◦ The Wealth of Nations – the state should not interfere in economic matters   Role of government

Cesare Beccaria

◦

On Crimes and Punishment

◦ “Is it not absurd, that the laws, which punish murder, should, in order to prevent murder, publicly commit murder themselves?”



The spread of Ideas

◦

The social Contract



Jean-Jacques Rousseau

◦

Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind

◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦

The Social Contract Emile

Women’s Rights



Mary Wollstonecraft

◦

A Vindication of the Rights of women

The Growth of Reading

 18 th century growth of publishing and the reading public  Development of magazines and newspapers ◦ First daily newspaper was printed in London in 1702

The Salon

 Salons – drawing rooms of the wealthy upper class’s houses

Religion in the Enlightenment

 Europeans remained devoutly Catholic  Protestant Churches developed but were weak   Methodism- John Wesley Gave the lower and middle class



Section 3: The Impact of the Enlightenment



Enlightenment and Absolutism

◦ Philosophes believed in Natural rights for all people: ◦ ◦      Equality before the law Freedom of Religious worship Freedom of speech Freedom of the press Right to assemble, hold property and to pursue happiness Enlightened rulers

Enlightened Absolutism

 New type of monarch ◦ But did they really change?

◦

Prussia: Army Bureaucracy

 

Fredrick William I

◦ Highly efficient Bureaucracy ◦ ◦ Civil Servants Nobility

Fredrick William II (Fredrick the Great)

◦ Educated ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Voltaire Dedicated ruler Nobility Limited reforms Enlightenment reforms

◦ ◦

The Austrian Empire

 largest and most powerful Empires  Difficult to rule 

Maria Theresa

◦ Inherited the throne in 1740 ◦ Worked to control the empire 

Joseph II

◦ Most of the reforms failed

Russian Empire



Catherine the Great

◦ Peter the Great  Six successors ◦ ◦  Peter III Catherine II Catherine the Great Enlightenment reforms  Denis Diderot   Nobility Rebellion led by Yemelyan Pugachov



The Seven Years’ War

◦

Austrian Succession

 Charles VI ◦ ◦ ◦      Maria Theresa Fredrick II of Prussia Austrian Silesia France - Prussia and Great Britain - Austria

The war of Austrian Succession (1740 – 1748)

◦ 1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle(1748) ◦ Silesia

The War in Europe

 Change of alliances  1756 – 1763 The Seven Years’ War: ◦ War – Europe, India and North America ◦ Silesia

The War in India

 Great Britain and France  Treaty of Paris 1763

The War in North America

 British and French Colonies – Trade   French and Indian War Treaty of Paris



Enlightenment and the Arts

◦

Architecture

 Versailles (Louis XIV) 

Unique Architectural Style

◦ 

Balthasar Neumann

 Church of the Fourteen Saints  Palace of Prince-bishop Wurzburg

Art

◦ Baroque and neoclassical styles ◦ ◦ 1730’s – Rococo

Rococo Style

 Emphasized ◦  Highly secular

Antonie Watteau

◦ 

Embarkation for Cythera

Giovanni Battista Tiepolo

  Fresco painting

Allegory of the Planets and Continents

◦ ◦

Music

◦

Johann Sebastian Bach

◦ 

Mass in B Minor

George Frederic Handel

◦ 

Messiah

Franz Joseph Hayden

◦  The Creation and The Seasons

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

◦

The Marriage of Figaro

◦ ◦

The Magic Flute Don Giovanni

Literature

 Henry Fielding – English writer ◦

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