Transcript Parenting
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Chapter 8
Emotional and Social
Development in Early Childhood
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Erikson’s Theory:
Initiative versus Guilt
Initiative
Guilt
New sense of
Overly strict superego,
purposefulness
or conscience,
causing too much guilt
Eagerness to try new
tasks, join activities
Related to parental
threats
Play permits trying
criticism
out new skills
punishment
Strides in conscience
development
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Self-Understanding
Emerging language
skills enable children
to discuss inner
mental states
Self-awareness
supports development
of self-concept
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Self-Concept
Consists largely of
observable characteristics
(appearance, possessions,
behavior)
typical emotions
and attitudes (“I like/
don’t like …”)
Does not yet reference
personality traits (“I’m
shy”)
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Self-Esteem
Self-judgments and associated feelings
Influences:
Emotional
experiences
Future behavior
Long-term
psychological
adjustment
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Gains in Emotional
Competence
Improvements in
emotional understanding
emotional self-regulation
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Increase in self-conscious
emotions (shame, guilt)
and empathy
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Emotional Understanding
Preschoolers correctly judge
causes of emotions
consequences of emotions
behavioral signs of emotions
Parents, siblings, peers, and
make-believe play contribute
to understanding
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Emotional Self-Regulation
By age 3–4, aware
of strategies for
adjusting emotional
arousal
Affected by
temperament:
effortful control
warm parents who use verbal guidance
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Self-Conscious Emotions
Examples:
Shame
Embarrassment
Guilt
Pride
Depend on adult
feedback
Vary across cultures
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Empathy and Sympathy
Empathy
Feeling same or
similar emotions
as another person
Sympathy
Feeling concern
or sorrow for
another’s plight
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Individual Differences
in Empathy
Factors that encourage empathy, sympathy,
and prosocial behavior:
Temperament:
sociable
assertive
good at emotional self-regulation
Parenting: warm, sensitive parents who
show empathic concern
encourage emotional expressiveness
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Peer Sociability in Play
Unoccupied, onlooker behavior
Nonsocial activity Solitary play
Parallel play
Plays near other children with
similar materials
Does not try to influence them
Associative play
Engages in separate activities
Exchanges toys and comments
Cooperative play
Orients with peers toward a
common play goal
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Cognitive Play
Categories
Functional play
(0–2 years)
Simple, repetitive motor
movements, with or without
objects
Constructive play
(3–6 years)
Creating or constructing
something
Make-believe play
(2–6 years)
Acting out everyday and
imaginative roles
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Early Childhood Friendships
Someone who “likes
you,” plays with you,
shares toys
Friendships change
frequently
Benefits of friendships:
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social support: cooperation and emotional
expressiveness
favorable school adjustment
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Parental Influences on
Early Peer Relations
Direct
Indirect
Arranging informal
peer activities
Guidance on how
to act toward
others
Secure attachment
Emotionally expressive,
sensitive communication
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Perspectives on
Moral Development
Psychoanalytic
Freud: superego and guilt
New evidence: induction,
empathy-based guilt
Social learning
Modeling moral behavior
Punishment
Cognitivedevelopmental
Children as active thinkers
about social rules
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Punishment in
Early Childhood
Frequent harsh punishment
has negative side effects.
Alternatives to
harsh punishment
Time out
Withdrawing privileges
Positive discipline
Parents can increase Consistency
effectiveness of
Warm parent–child
punishment
relationship
Explanations
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Prevalence of Corporal
Punishment by Children’s Age
Figure 8.1
(From M. A. Straus & J. H. Stewart, 1999, “Corporal Punishment by American Parents: National
Data on Prevalence, Chronicity, Severity, and Duration, in Relation to Child and Family
Characteristics,” Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 2, p. 59. Adapted with kind
permission from Springer Science+Business Media and Murray A. Straus.)
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Positive Discipline
Use transgressions as opportunities to
teach.
Reduce opportunities for misbehavior.
Provide reasons for rules.
Have children participate in family duties
and routines.
Try compromising and problem solving.
Encourage mature behavior.
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Moral Imperatives,
Social Conventions,
and Personal Choice
Actions that protect people’s
Moral imperatives
rights and welfare
Social
conventions
Matters of
personal choice
Customs determined solely
by social consensus
Do not violate rights
Up to the individual
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Types of Aggression
Proactive (instrumental):
meant to help the child
get something he or she
wants
self-initiated
Reactive (hostile):
meant to hurt someone
defensive response to
provocation
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Types of Hostile Aggression
Type
Physical
Verbal
Relational
How the Harm
Is Caused
Physical injury
Threats of physical
aggression
Name-calling
Teasing
Social exclusion
Malicious gossip
Friendship manipulation
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Sources of Aggression
Individual differences:
gender
temperament
Family:
harsh, inconsistent discipline
cycles of such discipline, whining/giving in
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Risks of Media Violence
Increases
hostile thoughts
and emotions
aggressive behavior
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Creates short-term
and long-term
behavior problems
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Helping Children
Control Aggression
Improving parenting: Incredible Years
approach
Encouraging children to attend to nonhostile social cues
Promoting perspective taking
Teaching conflict-resolution skills
Limiting exposure to media violence and
home stressors
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Gender Stereotypes
Strengthen and operate as blanket rules
in early childhood
Preschoolers associate toys, clothing,
household items, occupations, behavior,
and more with gender
Young children’s rigid gender
stereotypes are a joint product of
gender stereotyping in the environment
cognitive limitations
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Influences on Gender Typing
Genetic:
evolutionary adaptiveness
hormones
Environmental:
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family
teachers
peers
broader social environment
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Theories of Gender Identity
Social learning
Gender-typed behavior leads
to gender identity
Cognitivedevelopmental
Self-perceptions (gender
constancy) precede
gender-typed behavior
Gender schema
Combines social learning and
cognitive-developmental features
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Outcomes of
Child-Rearing Styles
Authoritative
self-control, moral maturity, high self-esteem
Authoritarian
anxiety, unhappiness, low self-esteem, anger,
defiance
Permissive
impulsivity, poor school achievement
Uninvolved
depression, anger, poor school achievement
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Characteristics of Child-Rearing Styles
Acceptance
Involvement
Control
Autonomy
Authoritative
high
high
adaptive
appropriate
Authoritarian
low
low
high
low
Permissive
high
too low or
too high
low
high
Uninvolved
low
low
low
indifferent
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Child Maltreatment
Physical
abuse
Assaults resulting in physical
injury
Fondling, intercourse,
Sexual abuse
pornography, and other
forms
Failing to meet children’s
Neglect
basic needs
Emotional
abuse
Social isolation,
unreasonable demands,
humiliation, intimidation, and
other forms
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Factors Related to
Child Maltreatment
Parent characteristics
Child characteristics
Family characteristics
Community
Culture
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Consequences of
Child Maltreatment
Emotional:
poor emotional self-regulation
impaired empathy/sympathy
depression
Adjustment:
substance abuse
violent crime
Learning:
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impaired working memory and executive function
low academic motivation
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Preventing
Child Maltreatment
Intervening with
high-risk parents
Social supports for
families:
Parents Anonymous
home visitation—
Healthy Families
America
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