Transcript 0205059511_ch06 - Geary County Schools USD 475

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman
Chapter 6: Public Opinion and
Political Action
• The American People
• How Americans Learn About Politics:
Political Socialization
• Measuring Public Opinion and Political
Information
• What Americans Value: Political
Ideologies
• How Americans Participate in Politics
• Understanding Public Opinion and
Political Action
• Summary
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman
Chapter Outline and Learning
Objectives
• The American People
• LO 6.1: Identify demographic trends and
their likely impact on American politics.
• How Americans Learn About Politics:
Political Socialization
• LO 6.2: Outline how various forms of
socialization shape political opinions.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman
Chapter Outline and Learning
Objectives
• Measuring Public Opinion and Political
Information
• LO 6.3: Explain how polls are conducted
and what can be learned from them about
American public opinion.
• What Americans Value: Political
Ideologies
• LO 6.4: Assess the influence of political
ideology on Americans’ political thinking
and behavior.
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Chapter Outline and Learning
Objectives
• How Americans Participate in Politics
• LO 6.5: Classify forms of political
participation into two broad types.
• Understanding Public Opinion and
Political Action
• LO 6.6: Analyze how public opinion about
the scope of government guides political
behavior.
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The American People
LO 6.1: Identify demographic trends and
their likely impact on American politics.
•
•
•
•
The Immigrant Society
The American Melting Pot
The Regional Shift
The Graying of America
To Learning Objectives
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The American People
LO 6.1
• The Immigrant Society
• United States is a nation of immigrants.
• Three waves of immigration into the United
States are mainly (1) Northwestern
Europeans prior to late 19th Century, (2)
Southern and eastern Europeans in late
19th and early 20th centuries, and (3)
Hispanics and Asians in late 20th century.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 6.1
The American People
• The American Melting Pot
• Melting pot is the mixing of cultures, ideas,
and peoples that has changed the
American nation.
• Minority majority is the emergence of a
non-Caucasian majority.
• Political culture is an overall set of values
widely shared within a society.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 6.1
To Learning Objectives
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LO 6.1
To Learning Objectives
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LO 6.1
The American People
• The Regional Shift
• Much of America’s population growth
since World War II has been centered in
the West and South.
• Reapportionment is the process of
reallocating seats in the House of
Representatives every 10 years on the
basis of the results of the census.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 6.1
The American People
• The Graying of America
• Aging population – Implications for Social
Security.
• Social Security is a pay as-you-go system,
which means that today’s workers pay the
benefits for today’s retirees.
• By 2040, there will be only about two
workers per retiree.
To Learning Objectives
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How Americans Learn About
Politics: Political Socialization
LO 6.2: Outline how various forms of
socialization shape political opinions.
• The Process of Political Socialization
• Political Learning over a Lifetime
To Learning Objectives
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LO 6.2
How Americans Learn About
Politics: Political Socialization
• The Process of Political Socialization
• The Family – Parents give their children
political attitudes.
• The Mass Media – TV gives people
information about politics.
• School – Schools socialize the youth into
political culture.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 6.2
How Americans Learn About
Politics: Political Socialization
• Political Learning over a Lifetime
• Aging increases political participation and
strength of party attachment.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 6.2
To Learning Objectives
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Measuring Public Opinion and
Political Information
LO 6.3: Explain how polls are conducted and
what can be learned from them about
American public opinion.
• How Polls Are Conducted
• The Role of Polls in American
Democracy
• What Polls Reveal About Americans’
Political Information
• The Decline of Trust in Government
To Learning Objectives
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LO 6.3
Measuring Public Opinion and
Political Information
• How Polls Are Conducted
• Sample – People in survey to be
representative of the whole.
• Random Sampling – People should get
equal probability of being selected for the
sample.
• Sampling Error – Confidence in public
opinion poll findings.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 6.3
To Learning Objectives
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LO 6.3
Measuring Public Opinion and
Political Information
• The Role of Polls in American
Democracy
• Polls help politicians detect public
preferences.
• Critics – Politicians think more about
following than leading public; bandwagon
effect distort elections; exit-day polls
discourage voting; and wording of
questions manipulate answers.
To Learning Objectives
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Measuring Public Opinion and
Political Information
LO 6.3
• What Polls Reveal About Americans’
Political Information
• Americans don’t know much about politics.
• Americans may know their basic beliefs but
not how that affects policies of the
government.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 6.3
Measuring Public Opinion and
Political Information
• The Decline of Trust in Government
• Since 1964, trust in government has
declined.
• Trust in government has gone up
somewhat since 9/11/2001.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 6.3
To Learning Objectives
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What Americans Value: Political
Ideologies
LO 6.4: Assess the influence of political
ideology on Americans’ political thinking
and behavior.
• Who Are the Liberals and
Conservatives?
• Do People Think in Ideological
Terms?
To Learning Objectives
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LO 6.4
To Learning Objectives
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What Americans Value: Political
Ideologies
LO 6.4
• Who Are the Liberals and
Conservatives?
• Americans pick ideological label of
conservative over liberal.
• In 2008, 36% were conservatives, 38% were
moderates, and just 26% were liberals.
• Gender gap – Women more likely support
Democratic candidates.
To Learning Objectives
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What Americans Value: Political
Ideologies
LO 6.4
• Do People Think in Ideological
Terms?
• Ideologues (12%) – Yes they do.
• Group Benefits (42%) – Think of groups
they like or dislike.
• Nature of the Times (24%) – If times are
good or bad for them.
• No issue content (22%) – Vote for party
or personality.
To Learning Objectives
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How Americans Participate in
Politics
LO 6.5: Classify forms of political
participation into two broad types.
• Conventional Participation
• Protest as Participation
• Class, Inequality, and Participation
To Learning Objectives
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How Americans Participate in
Politics
LO 6.5
• Conventional Participation
•
•
•
•
•
Voting in elections.
Working in campaigns or running for office.
Contacting elected officials.
Ringing doorbells for a petition.
Running for office.
To Learning Objectives
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How Americans Participate in
Politics
LO 6.5
• Protest as Participation
• Protest – Designed to achieve policy
changes through dramatic and
unconventional tactics.
• Civil disobedience – Reflects a conscious
decision to break a law believed to be
immoral and to suffer the consequences.
• Violence – Riots and fighting.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 6.5
To Learning Objectives
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LO 6.5
To Learning Objectives
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LO 6.5
How Americans Participate in
Politics
• Class, Inequality, and Participation
• Class-biased activity – Citizens of higher
socioeconomic status participating more
than others.
• Minorities are below average in terms of
participation.
• Who gets what in politics depends on who
participates.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 6.5
To Learning Objectives
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Understanding Public Opinion and
Political Action
LO 6.6: Analyze how public opinion about
the scope of government guides political
behavior.
• Public Attitudes Toward the Scope of
Government
• Democracy, Public Opinion, and
Political Action
To Learning Objectives
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Understanding Public Opinion and
Political Action
LO 6.6
• Public Attitudes Toward the Scope of
Government
• Many people have no opinion about scope
of government.
• Public opinion is inconsistent, which may
lead to policy gridlock.
To Learning Objectives
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Understanding Public Opinion and
Political Action
LO 6.6
• Democracy, Public Opinion, and
Political Action
• Americans select leaders in democratic
elections.
• Polls reveal that Americans know little
about candidates’ issues.
• People vote more for performance than
policy.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 6.1
Summary
• The American People
• Immigration has accelerated in America in
recent decades.
• The size of the minority population has
increased greatly.
• By 2050, whites will represent less than 50% of
the population.
• The population has also been aging and
moving to Sunbelt states such as California,
Texas, and Florida.
To Learning Objectives
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Which of the following is the fastestgrowing group in the United States?
A.
B.
C.
D.
LO 6.1
African Americans
Asian Americans
Hispanics
Native Americans
To Learning Objectives
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Which of the following is the fastestgrowing group in the United States?
A.
B.
C.
D.
LO 6.1
African Americans
Asian Americans
Hispanics
Native Americans
To Learning Objectives
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LO 6.2
Summary
• How Americans Learn About Politics:
Political Socialization
• The principal actors in the socialization
process are the family, the media, and schools.
• As people age, the firmness with which they
hold political attitudes, such as party
identification, tends to increase.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 6.2
The main source of political socialization
WITHIN the
context is government
and civics classes.
A.
B.
C.
D.
school
family
mass media
all of the above
To Learning Objectives
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LO 6.2
The main source of political socialization
WITHIN the
context is government
and civics classes.
A.
B.
C.
D.
school
family
mass media
all of the above
To Learning Objectives
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LO 6.3
Summary
• Measuring Public Opinion and Political
Information
• Polls are conducted through the technique of
random sampling.
• A random sample of 1,000 will yield results
within plus or minus three percentage points of
what would be found if everyone were
interviewed.
• Polls detect public preferences and how
informed we are about issues.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 6.3
Which of the following ensures that the
opinions of several hundred million
Americans can be inferred through polling?
A. Random sampling.
B. Sampling error.
C. Population sampling that ensures a
sample size of at least 1,000 to
1,500 people.
D. All of the above.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 6.3
Which of the following ensures that the
opinions of several hundred million
Americans can be inferred through polling?
A. Random sampling.
B. Sampling error.
C. Population sampling that ensures a
sample size of at least 1,000 to
1,500 people.
D. All of the above.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 6.4
Summary
• What Americans Value: Political
Ideologies
• A political ideology is a coherent set of values
and beliefs about public policy.
• The two most prominent ideologies in
American politics are conservatism and
liberalism.
• These ideologies guide people’s thinking on
policy issues.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 6.4
Summary
• What Americans Value: Political
Ideologies (cont.)
• 62% of Americans call themselves either
conservatives or liberals.
• Americans are conservative (36%) in principle
but liberal (26%) in practice; that is, they are
against big government but favor more
spending on a wide variety of programs.
To Learning Objectives
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Americans are more likely to be
.
A.
B.
C.
D.
LO 6.4
conservative than liberal
liberal than conservative
moderate than conservative
moderate than liberal
To Learning Objectives
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Americans are more likely to be
.
A.
B.
C.
D.
LO 6.4
conservative than liberal
liberal than conservative
moderate than conservative
moderate than liberal
To Learning Objectives
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LO 6.5
Summary
• How Americans Participate in Politics
• Conventional participation includes
voting, writing letters or e-mails to public
officials, attending political meetings,
signing petitions, and giving money to
campaigns and political groups.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 6.5
Summary
• How Americans Participate in Politics
(cont.)
• Unconventional participation includes
attending protest demonstrations and
acts of civil disobedience.
• Citizens of higher social economic status
participate more in American politics.
To Learning Objectives
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Which of the following type of political
participation is most common in the
United States?
A.
B.
C.
D.
LO 6.5
Protesting a governmental policy.
Litigating through the court system.
Writing to a member of Congress.
Voting in elections.
To Learning Objectives
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman
Which of the following type of political
participation is most common in the
United States?
A.
B.
C.
D.
LO 6.5
Protesting a governmental policy.
Litigating through the court system.
Writing to a member of Congress.
Voting in elections.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 6.6
Summary
• Understanding Public Opinion and
Political Action
• Conservatives think the scope of
government has become too wide in
recent decades.
• Liberals believe the scope of government
should be further increased and support
the 2010 Health Insurance Reform Act.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 6.6
Public opinion polls reveal that Americans
A. are ideological liberals but
operational conservatives.
B. oppose the idea of big government
in principle but favor it in practice.
C. favor the idea of big government in
principle but oppose it in practice.
D. are ideological moderates.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 6.6
Public opinion polls reveal that Americans
A. are ideological liberals but
operational conservatives.
B. oppose the idea of big government
in principle but favor it in practice.
C. favor the idea of big government in
principle but oppose it in practice.
D. are ideological moderates.
To Learning Objectives
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Text Credits
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Excerpt from “Most Don’t Know What ‘Public Option’ Is,” August 27,
2009, http://www.fivethirtyeight.com/2009/08/poll-most-dont-knowwhat-public-option.html. Used with permission.
US Census Bureau,
http://www.census.gov/population/www/projections/files/nation/sum
mary/np2008-t4.xls.
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Photo Credits
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166: AP Photo
167TR: Bob Daemmrich/The Image Works
167TC: Sven Hagolan
167TB: Getty Images
167B: AP Photo
168: Jack Smith/Getty Images
170: Bob Daemmrich/the Image Works
172: Virginie Mortet/Getty Images
177: Sven Hagolan
180: www.cartoonstock.com
188: Getty Images
189: AP Photo
189T: AP Photo
189B: John Filo/Getty Images
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