Energy Efficiency Standards

June2012 LK Reynolds Sustainability Development Executive

Government gazette – 9 September 2011 Implementation – 9 November 2011 Applicable to new plans & renovations needing plan approval

CONTENT OF THE PRESENTATION

Introduction NBR-XA SAN 10400-XA Additional Requirements SANS 204 Green Buildings FAQ’s Conclusion

INTRODUCTION

Energy efficiency (EE) in buildings is www (win win win) South Africa’s energy demand – Demand > Supply Load shedding Huge price increases Buildings are the largest end use of energy and account for 40% of end use of energy & 23% GHG.

Most of this consumption is for heating, cooling, ventilation and hot water South Africa signatory to Kyoto protocol Generally not designed or constructed to maximize energy efficiency Feasible saving potentials for EE are very large both in new and existing buildings

National Building Regulations

Under previous Standards Act – SABS was mandated to administer National Building Regulations and Building Standards Act.

NRCS Act of 2008 promulgated National Building Regulations responsibilities transferred to National Regulator for Compulsory Specifications (NRCS) Both SABS & NRCS report to DTi Enforcement of NBR is responsibility of Local Government NRCS also mandated to ensure proper implementation & execution of NBR

Aim Of NBR

To ensure safe buildings based on Acceptable building science practice Good workmanship Quality materials Not intended to be handbook on good building practice Simple & short way to ensure that buildings will be designed & built so that persons may live & work in a healthy, safe environment Other aspects affecting comfort & convenience are not controlled by NBR

National Building Regulations and Building Standards Act, 1977 (Act 103 of 1977) National Building Regulations (Functional Regulation) Rational Design Deemed-to-Satisfy SANS 10400 The Application of the National Building Regulation Agrėment

Regulatory Framework

National Building Regulations and Building Standards Act, 1977 (Act 103 of 1977). National building regulations are issued in terms of the above act and is a compilation of various parts (A to X: – Part A – General Principles and Requirements Part B – Structural Design : Part X – Environmental Sustainability Part XA – Energy Usage in Buildings SANS 10400 is a National Standard: The Application of the National Building Regulations (also compiled in many parts to correlate to the National Building Regulations)

National Building Regulation XA

Rationale behind NBR-XA structure

• Biggest energy user in residential buildings – Hot water supply.

– Look to renewable energy or energy efficient sources – XA2 • Biggest energy driver is comfort – Heating, cooling & ventilation – Building envelope & services – XA1

Part XA – Energy Usage in New Buildings

XA1 -

In order to contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gases, buildings and extensions to buildings in respect of which plans and specifications are to be drawn and submitted in terms of the Act, having A1, A2, A3, A4, C1, C2, E1, E2, E3, E4, F1, F2, F3, G1, H1, H2, H3, H4 and H5 occupancies or building classifications in accordance with Regulation A20, excluding garage and storages areas contained within such occupancies, shall be designed and constructed so that they:

a) b) are capable of using energy efficiently while fulfilling user needs in relation to vertical transport, if any, thermal comfort, lighting and hot water; or have a building envelope and services which facilitate the efficient use of energy appropriate to its function and use, internal environment and geographical location.

Equipment and plant required for conducting the business of the occupant shall be excluded from these requirements.

XA2

- At least 50 % by volume of the annual average hot water heating requirement shall be provided by means other than electrical resistance heating including but not limited to solar heating, heat pumps, heat recovery from other systems or processes and renewable combustible fuel.

XA3

- The requirements of sub-regulation XA1 shall be deemed to be satisfied when such building is designed and constructed in accordance with the following requirements:

a) b) c) has an orientation of the longest axis, shading, services and building envelope in accordance with SANS 10400-XA; or is the subject of a rational design by a competent person, which demonstrates that the energy usage of such building is equivalent to or better than that which would have been achieved by compliance with the requirements of SANS 10400-XA; or has a theoretical energy usage performance determined using certified thermal calculation software, less than or equal to that of a reference building in accordance with SANS 10400-XA.

Occupancies included

Class of Occupancy Type of Occupancy

H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 E1 E2 E3 E4 F1 F2 F3 G1 A1 A2 A3 A4 C1 C2 Entertainment and public assembly Theatrical and indoor sport Place of instruction Worship Exhibition Hall Museum Place of detention Hospital Other institutional (residential) Medical facilities Large shop Small shop Wholesaler’s store Office Hotel Dormitory Domestic residence Detached dwelling house Hospitality

Occupancies excluded

• • • • A5 - Outdoor Sport B1,B2,B3 - Commercial Service Building D1,D2,D3,D4 - Industrial and Plant rooms J1,J2,J3,J4 - All garages and storage areas are excluded.

NBR-XA

If mixed occupancy – applies to relevant segment Where provided, max 50% by volume of hot water can be from a traditional geyser (paraphrase) Buildings shall be designed and constructed so that they a) are capable of using energy efficiently while fulfilling user needs in relation to vertical transport, if any, thermal comfort, lighting and hot water; or b) have a building envelope and services which facilitate the efficient use of energy appropriate to its function and use, internal environment and geographical location.

Equipment and plant required for conducting the business of the occupant is excluded.

Hot Water Supply – XA2

Regulation : A minimum volume fraction of 50% of the annual average heating requirement for hot water shall be provided by means other than electric resistance heating or fossil fuels including, but not limited to Solar heating Heat pumps Geothermal heat Renewable combustible fuel Heat recovery from alternative systems and processes

SANS 10400 XA Geyser systems and Pipe Insulation - requirements

All exposed hot water service pipes shall be clad with insulation with a minimum R-value in accordance with the table below .

Internal diameter of pipe <80mm Minimum R-value 1.0

>80mm 1.5

Determined with a hot surface temperature of 60 ° C and an ambient temperature of 15 ° C.

Compliance to NBR-XA – XA3

1

Rational design

   This alternative requires input of a professional “competent” person Thermal performance of building needs to be calculated Performance should be equal or better than specified in SANS 10400XA 2

“Deemed-to-Satisfy”

 Compliance with requirements in SANS 10400-XA 3

Comparison with a compliant theoretical (reference) building

   Energy usage of building shall be less than or equal to that of a reference building Reference building should be designed to “Deemed to Satisfy” standards This alternative requires input of a professional “competent” person

SANS 10400-XA

Compliance to SANS 10400-XA: Deemed to -satisfy

Option 1

: Compliance to SANS 10400XA

 “Recipe” for building elements  Requirements partially aligned with SANS 204 Option 2

: Compliance to Tables

 Thermal performance of building needs to be calculated  Max Energy Consumption & Max Energy Demand must comply with tables in SANS 10400-XA   Thermal performance calculations software accredited by Agrement SA to be used This alternative requires input of a professional “competent” person Option 3

: Comparison with a compliant theoretical (reference) building

 Building design performance – theoretical max energy consumption & demand shall be less than or equal to that of a reference building  Building should be designed to “Deemed to Satisfy” standards   Thermal performance calculations software accredited by Agrement SA to be used This alternative requires input of a professional “competent” person

SANS 10400 – XA (Option 2) Energy Usage and Building Envelope

Conceptually based on two principles: Maximum energy demand per unit area(kVA/m 2 ) Maximum annual energy consumption per unit area (kWh/m 2 .a) Dependent on building classification and climatic region

SANS 10400 – XA Energy Usage and Building Envelope

Climatic Zones Drg.727a

Maximum Energy Demand

1

Classification of occupancy of building

2

Description of building 1

3 4 5 6 7

Maximum energy demand

a VA/m 2 8

2 Climatic zone 3 4 5 6

A1 A2 A3 A4 Entertainment and public assembly Theatrical and indoor sport Places of instruction Worship 85 85 80 80 80 80 75 75 90 90 85 85 80 80 75 75 80 80 75 75 85 85 80 80 F1 G1 Large shop Offices 90 80 85 75 95 85 85 75 85 75 90 80 H1 Hotel 90 85 95 85 85 90 a The maximum demand shall be based on the sum of 12 consecutive monthly maximum demand values per area divided by 12/m 2 which refers to the nett floor area.

b The climatic zones are given in annex B.

Maximum Annual Consumption

1

Classification of occupancy of building

2

Description of building 1

3

2

4

3

5 6 7

Maximum energy consumption

kWh/(m 2 ·a)

Climatic zone

a

4 5

8

6

A1 A2 A3 A4 Entertainment and public assembly Theatrical and indoor sport Places of instruction Worship 420 420 420 120 400 400 400 115 440 440 440 125 390 390 390 110 400 400 400 115 420 420 420 120 F1 G1 Large shop Offices 240 200 245 190 260 210 240 185 260 190 255 200 H1 Hotel 650 600 585 600 620 630 NOTE 1 The annual consumption per square metre shall be based on the sum of the monthly consumption of 12 consecutive months.

NOTE 2 Non-electrical consumption, such as fossil fuels, shall be accounted for on a non-renewable primary energy thermal equivalence basis by converting mega joules to kilowatt hours.

a The climatic zones are given in annex B.

Building Envelope – Option 1

≈ 25% Roof Summer ≈ 30% ≈ 15% Air renewal Walls Thermal bridges Glazing Floor ≈ 10% Principle of insulation Winter ≈ 10% ≈ 10% Ground Improving the building envelope can reduce energy losses and shrink energy consumption by up to 90%

Building Code References

Orientation Shading Walls Fenestration Roof Assembly SANS 10400-XA SANS 204 SANS 10400-XA SANS 10400-XA + SANS 204 SANS 10400-XA Flooring SANS 10400-XA Services (excluding hot water) SANS 204

Energy Usage & Building Envelope (Option 3) - Orientation - Shading

Orientation Compact in plan with most glazing on northern side Living spaces on northern side Longer axis of dwelling to be east-west Roof overhang to shield northern windows in midday summer sun Shading As per SANS 204 Projection of roof overhang - ratios

Total Energy = Energy for cooling + Energy for heating Total min = optimal orientation

Total Energy = Energy for cooling + Energy for heating Total min = optimal orientation

Shading

Requires a permanent feature which extends horizontally on both sides of the glazing for the same projection distance, P (see next slide for figure on shading feature) or provides the equivalent shading with a reveal or other shading element (see figure on shading projection) or have an external shading device which is capable of restricting at least 80% of summer solar radiation.

For glazing where G exceeds 0,5 m, the value of P (see figure on shading feature or device) shall be halved.

Shading feature or device Key

P

expressed in metres, from the glass casting edge of any shading projection

H P G

device horizontal distance, face to vertical vertical that is the shadow distance from the base of the glazing element to the same shadow casting edge used to measure distance from the head of the glazing element to the shadow casting edge of any shading projection NOTE: An adjustable shading capable of completely covering the glazing may be considered to achieve a P/H value of 2.

Energy Usage and Building Envelope - Floors

Floors If in-slab or in-screed heating slab to be insulated with minimum R-value of 1 Thickness in meters To calculate the R value you need to know (R value = ) The Thermal conductivity (K value) of the product - expanded polystyrene: 0.036

The product thickness: 40mm R value =

= 1.111

m²K/W -

compliant as a solution

Energy Usage and Building Envelope - Walls

Non-masonry walls shall achieve a minimum R-value of: R=2.2 for climatic zones 1&6 R=1.9 for climatic zones 2,3,4&5 Masonry walls shall achieve a minimum R-value of 0.35

Double skin masonry with no cavity, plastered internally; and either plastered externally or unplastered face masonry externally Single leaf masonry with a nominal thickness of at least 140mm plastered internally and rendered externally

Traditional Wall vs. the New Systems

Traditional wall R = 0.26

Cavity wall, insulation R = 1.00

Cavity wall, dry lining R = 1.69

Lightweight steel frame wall R = 2.50

ETICS on steel frame R = 3.76

R-value required for Zone 1 = 2.20

Quoted R-value is subject to thickness of intervention insulation material ETICS on single brick wall; R = 2.21

Energy Usage and Building Envelope – SANS 10400 – XA compliance

Fenestration Buildings with up to 15% fenestration area to nett floor area per storey are deemed to satisfy Buildings with fenestration area to nett floor area per storey exceeding 15% shall comply with the requirements for fenestration in SANS 204 Air infiltration shall comply with SANS 613

Fenestration Tables – SANS 204

Energy Usage and Building Envelope - Roof Assemblies

Roof Assemblies A roof assembly shall achieve the minimum total

R

-value specified in the table hereunder for the direction of heat flow.

1 2 3 6

Description

4

Climatic zones

5

3 4 1 2 5

7

6

Minimum required total

R

-value (m ² ∙K/W) 3,7 3,2 2,7 3,7 2,7 3,5 Direction of heat flow Up Up Down and up Up Down Up

Calculating the R-value of a roof

The following are taken into consideration when determining the R-value of a roof construction. The figures can be obtained from SANS 10400-XA. 1- Outdoor Air film (moving air) 7- Direction of Heat flow (Affects figures 1,3 & 6) 2- Roofing Material 3-Roof air space (Ventilated/unventilated) 5-RhinoBoard ceiling 6-Indoor air film (still air)

Example - heat flow up

For a building in Climatic Zones 1 & 4 to meet SANS 10400XA requirements, the following figures are used and the R-value of insulation is added. 1- Outdoor Air film (moving air) = 0.03 7- Direction of Heat flow 2- Roofing Material = 0.02

3-Roof air space (unventilated) 135mm Aerolite Insulation = 0.18

= 3.38

5-RhinoBoard ceiling = 0.06

6-Indoor air film (still air) =0.11

Total R value =3.77 m²K/W

Services Lighting and power

Depending upon occupancy and activity, the minimum lighting levels shall be determined in accordance with the requirements of SANS 10114 1 and SANS 10400-O. Designers are encouraged to use daylighting in their designs to reduce the energy used.

The energy demand (power) and energy consumption for the building shall be determined in accordance with the requirements given in SANS 204.

Mechanical ventilation and air conditioning

Air conditioning or mechanical ventilation systems (or both) installed in buildings shall comply with the relevant national legislation.

The air conditioning or mechanical ventilation system (or both) shall be designed to best practice.

Designed that in the event of failure of an air conditioning or mechanical ventilation system (or both), an alternative means of natural ventilation shall be provided. All chilled water, hot water and refrigeration piping, conditioned air duct work and flexible ducting shall be insulated to limit heat gain or loss (or both) to not more than 5% from source to furthest point of delivery on a system.

Additional Requirements

Additional Requirements for BCO

Competent Person (where necessary) – submit documentation to local authority as per SANS 10400-A On Plans Where provided – location, type & capacity of water heating installations Where provided – details of fenestration and insulation

SANS 204?

Why 2 Energy Efficiency standards?

Does this cause confusion?

Look at International trends….

Europe: Energy Efficiency Targets for New Residential buildings - 2020

Relative Evolution of building regulations over time (year 2000 = index 100)

120 100 80 60 40 20

DK, FR, DE: evolution of building energy consumption England/Wales: Code of Sustainable homes Poland: evolution of U values walls

0 -20 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Denmark Poland 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 England/Wales Spain 2012 2013 2014 France Finland 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Germany Netherlands 2020

How has this been achieved?

Building methodologies have changed in last 50 years Driven mainly by speed and energy constraints Regulation now driving changes FACT’s

Fire Acoustic Cost Effective Comfort and Energy Efficiency Thermal

SANS 204 Energy Efficiency in Buildings

Far more comprehensive than the building regulations and SANS 10400 – XA Requirements more stringent (except for roof/ceilings) In the longer terms regulation to be upgraded and trend toward SANS 204 It is a voluntary standard Basic minimum for green star rating Both standards reduce the use of energy from electricity, gas, oil, or other fuels used in buildings.

Both standards exclude energy used in the operation of the building

Green Buildings

Green Buildings

Aspirational Buildings Green Star Rating Tools Office, Retail, Multi-unit residential, Public Buildings Water & Energy Bench-marking (in progress) Building Interiors & Socio-Economic (starting soon) Rating for the building/project “Design” or “As Built” rating SANS 204 is conditional requirement More than just energy efficient buildings Water, waste, transport, indoor environment etc.

FAQ’s

FAQ’s

Does this apply to affordable/RDP/Government subsidized houses?

Yes – there are no exclusions on residential buildings Does this prescribe the installation of Solar Water Heaters?

No – if not technically feasible, look to other energy efficient technologies Not applicable if no hot water supplied

FAQ’s ctd.

Does this call for double glazing?

No – unless building is extreme in design.

How do I know what the R-value is? Material Manufacturers must supply tested thermal performance values with thickness of material required.

FAQ’s ctd.

Are products green rated?

No – projects get the ratings not components of the project How do I know how “green” products are?

Look at the requirements in the Green Star Rating tools & ask manufacturers to supply you with the test certificate results that demonstrate compliance.

Conclusion

Opportunities

NBR-XA only applies to new buildings and additions/renovations Encourage to design to SANS 204 Energy costs escalating annually Supply of energy is always at risk Big opportunities in retrofit and re-insulation Continue to manufacture “standard” thickness’s Compliant buildings will increase in value Attraction of Tenants Tax Incentives