Transcript Christensen Boating with the TIDE
ITEA Conference Salt Lake City Dr. Brad Christensen Berea College
Why boats?
Fun Interesting Many activities that can be done in the classroom Absolutely critical for a world economy Full of opportunities for Constraints, Optimization, and Predictive Analysis
Basic boat dimensions
LOA LWL Beam Beam WL Draft Freeboard Displacement length over all length water line width usually 90%-95% of beam boat hull below the water line boat hull above the water line amount of water pushed aside
Displacement vs Planing hulls
Displacement hulls Usually rounded Upswept buttock lines aft Can be heavy Push water out of the way and then allow it to flow back behind the boat Planing hulls Usually more flat or square Straight buttock lines aft Lightweight Designed to skim over the water
Displacement
(Beam WL X draft) X mid section coefficient = midsection displacement (LWL X Midsection displacement) X Prismatic Coefficient = displacement in cubic feet 1 cubic foot of water weighs about 64 pounds
Floatation
How much weight will it take to sink another inch?
Water plane area Multiply water line length (LWL) by water line beam times prismatic coefficient (.76 for a standard hull) Water is 5.34 pounds for 1 sq. ft. 1 inch deep Light fine ended sailboats Heavy, full ended sailboats Fine ended power boats Full ended planing boats .68
.71
.74
.80
Center of Buoyancy
Usually about 55% of LWL from bow Can be as much as 65% for some powerboats More accurate to make a CB calculator Graph displacement at each section of hull Connect the points with a fair curve Cut out graph and balance on a knife edge Balance point is the Center of Buoyancy
Trim
Square of the water plane area and multiply by 0.35 (for square feet). Divide that number by the water line beam.
16 ft by 2 ft kayak water plane area is 20.8 sq. ft.
20.8 squared = 424.32
424.32 times 0.35 = 148.5
148.5 divided by 2 = 74.25 foot/pounds per inch of trim If you placed 74 pounds one foot behind the CB, the bow would be about 1 inch above the stern
Out of trim
How much out of trim is still okay?
About 1% of LWL 1% of 16 ft (192 inches) LWL is about 2 inches
How fast will she go?
How fast do you need/want to go?
4 miles per hour rowing 10 miles per hour sailing 50 mph is very, very fast on water Most skiers do about 30 mph or less Most production powerboats operate best at 20-35 mph Super high speed boats do between 80-120 mph World speed record is 315 mph held by Ken Warbly of Ohio since the late 1970s
Speed of a displacement hull
Theoretical Hull speed Knots = 1.34 times square root of LWL 1 knot = 1.15 mph Increase LWL will increase hull speed….up to a point Increases LWL increases wetted surface which increases drag
Speed of a planing hull
Most critical factor in planing boat speed is the power to weight ratio Accurate weight Boat Crew Supplies Fuel diesel 7.2 lbs/gal gasoline 6.1 lbs/gal Fresh water 8.4 lbs/gal
Speed of a planing hull
Accurate power Outboards power measured at prop Inboards figure about 95% Engines run continuously at about 60%-70% max so figure horsepower at about 60%-70% max rating Subtract another 4%-6% for friction in the drive train
Speed of a planing hull
Pounds per horsepower ratio 5 lbs/hp 10 lbs/hp 15 lbs/hp 20 lbs/hp 25 lbs/hp 30 lbs/hp 35 lbs/hp 40 lbs/hp 80 knots 60 knots 50 knots 42 knots 37 knots 33 knots 31 knots 29 knots
Fuel Economy
Diesel engines 0.055 gallons per horsepower per hour 100 horsepower engine would use 5.5 gallons per hour 100 horsepower drives a 2000 pound boat at about 38 mph so the boat gets 6.9 mpg Gasoline engines 0.1 gallons per horsepower per hour 100 horsepower engine would use 10 gallons per hour 100 horsepower engine drives a 2000 pound boat at about 38 mph so the boat gets 3.8 mpg
Speed of a sailboat
Usually displacement hull so limited by LWL Sail area to displacement ratio (power to weight) Sail area divided by Displacement (in cubic feet to the 2/3 power) = SA/Disp ratio Cruising boats Performance cruisers Racing boats High performance racer Performance multihulls 16-18 18-20 20-22 22 and up 28 and up
Barge Activities
Make it float Hold a lot of weight for given size Make it fast Hull shape for best speed given size, weight, and power Make it efficient Pay for weight carried but charge for power Ideal tank 1 ft wide by 20 ft long, 6 inches deep falling weight and string for power
Barge Activities
Sailboat activities
Running (wind astern) Simple Outdated Reaching (wind abeam) Faster More realistic Ideal tank 2 ft by 10 ft by 1 ft deep box fan on the end 4 box fans along the side
Power boat activities
Rubberband power Paddle wheel Simple Slow Above water propeller Simple Fast Below water propeller Fast Realistic
Powerboat activities
Electric Battery Solar Gasoline Model airplane engines “Weed Eater” engines Ideal tank (dependent on anticipated speed) 8 ft wide by 24 ft long by 1 ft deep
Boat Racing
Control of model boat
Free running String Wire Infrared Pre-programmed Radio control 2 channels Steering Throttle
Boat control
Model boat to real boat
Build a model to ¾ inch = 1 foot scale 1 penny weighs 25 pounds Multiply boat speed times 4 to determine performance of actual boat
Boat Building
Taped seam construction Plywood panels cut to shape Held together with plastic ties Joints taped with fiberglass Strip built Thin strips edge glued over frames Fiberglased inside and out Hybrid Plywood hull Strip deck
Small boat design class
Plywood panels are cut to shape from full scale patterns.
Small boat design class
Panels are taped together end to end with fiberglass cloth to provide necessary length. Waxed paper gives smooth finish.
Small boat design class
Small boat design class
Small boat design class
References
The Nature of Boats: Insight and Esoterica for the
Nautically Obsessed, Dave Gerr, International Marine, Camden Maine