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Ms. Orville Afterlife- an existence after death Artisan- a person skilled in crafts such as carving or tool making Cataract- a large waterfall or rapids Delta- a triangular or fan-shaped piece of land made by deposits of mud and sand at the mouth of a river Dynasty- a line of rulers from the same family or the period during which they rule Economy- related to activities such as the production of goods and services in a particular region Hieroglyphics- ancient Egyptian written language Mummy- the body of a person that was preserved after death Silt- a deposit of rich soil, sand, and mud along a river Nilometer- staircase, or a simple stone/other surface, to record the height of the Nile flood Youtube- Nilometers BK IZPV XNV LMMNB VWK DMNDH LXT VWK DLMKXTLJ VN SMRXT ZP VN VWK ULDV VWLV KLDW INIKXV NU MRUK RP L IRJLDMK LXT IQPVKJQ. -- W. A. BHIIP Agua מ'ם http://www.discoveringegypt.com/hier oglyphic-typewriter.html B=W A=G K=E Pharaohs: Egyptian Kings had absolute power ◦ Whatever they decided became law ◦ Were religious leaders and considers to be gods 31 Dynasties from 3100-322 BCE Dynasty- a series of rulers from the same family or ethnic group Ancient Egyptian Culture •The Egyptian social order resembled a pyramid with the pharaoh at the top •The peasants (largest class) at the bottom •A person could rise to a higher class (social mobility) •Slaves- prisoners of war •Considered property more than human •Egyptian women had many rights: could own property, run businesses, enter into legal contracts Egyptians studied the stars and practiced medicine ◦ Astronomersscientists who study the stars and other objects in the sky ◦ Medicine: used herbalism- practice of creating medicines from plants Pharaoh’s Tombs ◦ Pharaohs began the long, difficult process of building their tombs as soon as they came to power ◦ Pyramid- huge buildings with four sloping triangleshaped sides ◦ Giza- location of important pyramids ◦ Could take 20 years to build by slaves and other workers ◦ http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=building+the+pyramids+of+ancient+egypt&FORM =HDRSC3#view=detail&mid=060FBF1F9076037813DD060FBF1F9076037813DD Khufu Giza Step pyramid Mastaba (eternal house) Tomb for Khufu an almost perfect square (deviation .05%) Orientation is exactly North, South, East West 2,300,000 blocks, 500ft high 20 years to build Average block weighs 2.5 tons ◦ Some weighed 9 tons! Washington Monument, Washington D.C. Eiffel tower: Paris, France Middle Kingdom ◦ Egypt reunited ◦ Pharaohs used Egypt’s wealth on public works, instead of wars New Kingdom Pharaohs built large armies, which made the Egyptians nearly unbeatable Ramses I-XII rule Egypt It is during this time that Moses leads Jews out of Egypt Pharaoh was believed by the Egyptians to be the supreme ruler chosen by the gods to lead his people. They believed that when a man became a pharaoh, he also became a god. To keep the bloodline of the gods pure, pharaohs often married their sisters, mothers, and cousins. Ancient Egypt prospered during three major time periods (kingdoms) ◦ Old Kingdom Menes united Upper and Lower Egypt: well run government Traded with Nubia for timber At the end of the Old Kingdom Egypt’s unity crumbled and the dynasties grew weak Menes ◦ Legendary founder of the first Egyptian dynasty ◦ unified Upper and Lower Egypt ◦ Founded capital of Memphis King Tut (Tutankhamun) ◦ Became ruler when he was a child and died at around age 18 ◦ His tomb was discovered in 1922 completely intact ◦ Buried with many possessions King Tut’s tomb Ancient Egyptian Rulers One of the greatest pharaohs Expanded empire to include Syria and Nubia Treated defeated people well Tomb was in the valley of the kings Hatshepsut- Pharaoh Queen ◦ Regent- someone who rules for a child until the child is old enough to rule ◦ was regent for Tuhtmose III -> proclaimed herself as pharaoh ◦ Achieved economic success [trade] ◦ Built many temples Hatshepsut: only woman Pharaoh “Queen of Egypt” Last Macedonian to rule Egypt Official end to the New Kingdom Egyptian Gods and Goddesses ◦ Deeply religious and polytheistic believed in many gods and goddesses Believed that their gods controlled life, death, and all of nature ◦ Amon-Re :chief god of creation ◦ Osiris: god of afterlife Osiris Egyptians carefully prepared their dead for afterlife- to ensure immortality ◦ Mummy- preserved body of a dead person Believed the soul would leave the mummy but return to it to receive food Mummification- expensive and took 2-3 months ◦ Organs removed Put into jars ◦ Decorated coffins Not known when it started in Egypt Perfected by time of New Kingdom How to make a mummy: 70 steps 1) Removal of the brain through the nostrils 2) Removal of the intestines through an incision in the side 3) Sterilization of the body and intestines 4) Treating, cleaning, dehydrating the intestines 5) Packing the body with natron (a natural dehydrating agent) and leaving for 40 days 6) Removal of the natron agent 7) Packing the limbs with clay or sand 8) Packing the body with linen (soaked in resin), myrrh and cinnamon 9) Treating the body with ointments and finally wrapping with a fine linen gauze, not less than 1000 square yards . Canopic Jars made of alabaster for storage of brain, stomach, intestines and liver model boat Gift bearers Powerful goddess She used powerful magic spells to help people in need Isis was the wife of Osiris and the mother of Horus. Isis Horus: god of balance and harmony Animal symbol: hawk maintained the natural order: the flow of the Nile and the fertility of the soil. Horus Amun/Re Sun god Most powerful god in Egypt Animal symbol: Ram Wears crown with two plumes Anubis god of embalming the dead (mummification process) Watched over the dead Animal symbol: jackal