Acute and chronic pancreatitis
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Transcript Acute and chronic pancreatitis
Jasim Al-Abbad, MBBCh, FRCSC
Assistant Professor
General Surgery
Colon and Rectal Surgery
[email protected]
inflammation of the gland parenchyma of the
pancreas
Acute vs. Chronic
The incidence of acute pancreatitis is increasing
> 300,000 hospital admissions annually in USA
10 – 20 % of patients develop life-threatening form
Direct cost > 2 billion USD
N Engl J Med 2006; 354:2142-2150
Gastroenterol Clin N Am 41 (2012) 1–8
Mortality rate reach up to 30% with severe
pancreatitis
Mortality is due to:
◦ Multi-system organ failure (1st 2 weeks)
◦ Septic complications (after 2 weeks)
World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:5043-5051
Gallstones
Alcohol
Hypertriglyceridemia
Hypercalcemia
Post ERCP
Trauma
Pancreatic duct obstruction
Infections
Drugs
Hereditary
The overall incidence in patients with symptomatic
gallstones 3 – 8 %
Small gallstones are associated with an increased risk
2 theories:
◦ Obstructive
Pancreatic duct obstruction excessive pressure pancreatic injury
◦ Reflux
Stone in ampulla of Vater bile reflux into pancreas direct necrosis
Adv Surg 2006; 40:265-284
N Engl J Med 2006; 354:2142-2150
Abdominal pain
Nausea / vomiting
Low grade fever
Dehydration
Epigastric tenderness
Jaundice
Grey Turner
Cullen's signs
History / physical examination
Biochemical workup
◦
◦
◦
◦
CBC
RFT
LFT
Amylase, lipase
Imaging
It rises within 6 to 12 hours of onset
Remains elevated for three to five days
There is no correlation between the magnitude
of serum amylase elevation and severity of
pancreatitis
Causes of hyper-amylasemia:
Acute cholecystitis
Bowel obstruction
Mesenteric ischemia
Trauma
Ketoacidosis
Ruptured ectopic pregnancy
Parotitis
Renal failure
Salpingitis
Cirrhosis
More specific than amylase
Longer half life
The elevation of ALT levels in the serum in the
context of acute pancreatitis has a positive
predictive value of 95% in the diagnosis of acute
biliary pancreatitis
Adv Surg 2006; 40:265-284
Plain x-rays
Ultrasound
CT scan
MRCP
ERCP
EUS
Early recognition of severe disease is crucial to
optimize care and improve outcome
Many scoring systems developed
Developed in 1974
Score based on 11 parameters
Mortality
◦ 0 to 3 % when the score <3
◦ 11 to 15 % when the score ≥3
◦ 40 % when the score ≥6
On admission
Age
> 55
WBC count
> 16,000 /mm3
Blood glucose
> 11.1 mmol/L
AST
> 250 U/L
LDH
> 350 U/L
48 hours
Hematocrit
Drop by >10%
BUN
Increase by >1.8 mmol/L
Serum Calcium
< 2 mmol/L
pO2
< 60 mmHg
Base deficit
> 4 mEq/L
Fluid sequestration
> 6 Liters
It needs 48hrs to calculate
Meta-analysis of 110 clinical studies found
Ranson's score to have a poor predictive power
Crit Care Med. 1999;27(10):2272
12 physiologic measurements
It provides a general measure of the severity of
disease
A score of ≥8 defines severe pancreatitis
Balthazar score
Based on CT findings
Grade
Findings
Score
A
Normal pancrease
0
B
Focal or diffuse enlargment of the pancreas
1
C
Peripancreatic inflammation
2
D
1 fluid collection
3
E
2 or more fluid collections
4
Pancreatic necrosis
None
0
≤ 30 %
2
30 – 50 %
4
> 50 %
6
Mortality
0-3 = 3%
4-6 = 6%
7-10= 17%
Radiology 1990; 174:331
Acute phase reactants made by the liver
Levels correlates with disease activity
Level ≥ 150 mg/mL defines severe pancreatitis
Br J Surg. 1989;76(2):177
Organ failure
• Shock (SBP <90mmHg)
• Pulmonary insuffciency (PaO2 <60 mmHg)
• Renal failure (creatinine > 2mg/dL)
• GI bleeding (>500 mL/24hr)
Systemic
complications
• DIC (Platelet count ≤ 100,000)
• Fibrinogen <1 g/L
• Fibrin split products > 80 µg/dL
• Metabolic disturbance (calcium < 7.5 mg/dL)
Local
complications
• Necrosis
• Abscess
• Pseudocyst
The International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis (1992)
Severe pancreatitis is defined by the presence of any evidence of
organ failure or a local complication.
Arch Surg 1993; 128:586-590
Regardless of the cause or the severity of the disease
Aggressive fluid resuscitation
Pain control
Oral feeding may not be possible
Enteral feeding vs. TPN
Data controversial
No benefit for pancreatitis without necrosis
Imipenem reduces pancreatic infections with
proven necrosis
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010
Routine use of ERCP is not indicated
ERCP is indicated for:
◦ Cholangitis
◦ Persistent bile duct obstruction (obstructive jaundice)
30% of patients with acute biliary pancreatitis will have
recurrent disease, in the absence of definitive treatment
For mild pancreatitis:
For severe pancreatitis:
◦ Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy (during the initial admission)
is a safe procedure that decreases recurrence of the disease
◦ Early surgery may increase the morbidity and length of stay
◦ Laparoscopic cholecystectomy should be delayed for at least 6
weeks
Adv Surg 2006; 40:265-284
Acute Fluid Collections
Occur during the early stages of severe pancreatitis in 30% to 50% of
patients
No wall of granulation or fibrous tissue, and more than half regress
spontaneously.
Pancreatic Necrosis
Areas of nonviable pancreatic tissue
either sterile or infected
Pancreatic Pseudocyst
collections of pancreatic fluid enclosed by a non-epithelialized wall
composed of fibrous and granulation tissue
Not present before 4 to 6 weeks after the onset of an attack
Pancreatic Abscess
Collections of pus, usually in proximity to the pancreas
Sabiston, David C., and Courtney M. Townsend. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis
of Modern Surgical Practice. Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier, 2008. Print.
Persistent inflammation
Irreversible fibrosis
Atrophy of the pancreatic parenchyma
Chronic pain
Endocrine and exocrine insufficiency
Brunicardi, F. Charles., and Seymour I. Schwartz. Schwartz's Principles of Surgery. New
York: McGraw-Hill, Health Pub. Division, 2010. Print.
Brunicardi, F. Charles., and Seymour I. Schwartz. Schwartz's Principles of Surgery.
New York: McGraw-Hill, Health Pub. Division, 2010. Print.
Alcohol (70 - 80%)
Genetics (hereditary, CF gene mutation)
Hyperparathyroidisim
Hypertriglyceridemia
Autoimmune pancreatitis
Ductal obstruction (trauma, stones, tumors, ?pancreas divisum)
Smoking
Idiopathic
Abdominal Pain
Pancreatic insufficiency
◦ Fat malabsorption
◦ Apancreatic diabetes
Blood tests:
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◦
◦
◦
CBC
RFT
LFT
Serum amylase and lipase levels usually normal
Functional tests
Fecal fat content
Fecal elastase-1 level
Imaging:
CT scan
MRCP
EUS
ERCP
Sabiston, David C., and Courtney M. Townsend. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of
Modern Surgical Practice. Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier, 2008. Print.
Medical Treatment
Multidisciplinary team
Stop drinking and smoking
Pain control
Pancreatic enzyme replacement
Endoscopic Treatment
ERCP with duct dilatation ± stent
Surgical Treatment
Resection procedures
Drainage procedures
Souba, Wiley W. ACS Surgery: Principles and Practice. Hamilton, Ont.: B C Decker,
2007. Print.
Biliary strictures (jaundice / cholangitis)
Duodenal obstruction
Splenic / portal vein thrombosis
Pseudocyst
Brunicardi, F. Charles., and Seymour I. Schwartz. Schwartz's Principles of Surgery.
New York: McGraw-Hill, Health Pub. Division, 2010. Print.