Transcript Lecture 06.ppt
Research Tools and Techniques
The Research Process: Step 2 Lecture 6
Lecture Topics Covered Previously in the Last Lecture
•
Data Analytic Software Programs
•
Emerging Applications in Technology
•
Research Process
•
Broad Problem Area
What We Are Going To Cover In This Lecture
•
Research Process Step 2: Preliminary Data Collection
•
General Homework Before Going for Structured Interviews
• •
An Example of an Open Ended Interview and Data Tabulation Literature Survey’s Importance and How do we Conduct it
THE RESEARCH PROCESS
(1).
Observation The Broad Problem Area (3).
Problem Definition (4).
Theoretical Framework Variables Identification (5) Generation of Hypothesis (6).
Scientific Research Design (2).
Preliminary Data Gathering Interviews and Library Search (9).
Report Writing (10).
Report Presentation (11).
Managerial Decision Making (7).
Data Collection and Analysis (8) Deduction
PRELIMINARY DATA COLLECTION
•
The broad problem area would be narrowed down to specific issues for investigation after some preliminary data are gathered by the researcher. This may take the forms of 1). Interviews and 2). Library research.
•
Nature of data collected/General Homework before going for Interviews:
•
Background info of the org/secondary data
•
Managerial policy, philosophy, structural information
•
Perception, attitudes and behavioral response of members and clients
•
Production problems
BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON THE ORGANIZATION
•
The origin and history of company.
• •
Size, charter, location.
Resources – human & others.
•
Relationships with other organizations
•
Financial position.
•
- This information helps in talking knowledgeably during interviews.
•
- You can analyze the problem from different angles
INFORMATION ON STRUCTURAL FACTORS & MANAGEMENT PHILOSOPHY
• • • • • 1.
MANAGEMENT PHILOSOPHY What are the concepts of the company.
Whether the organization has long term / short term goals.
Creative environment Risk taking People oriented/profits oriented
• • • •
2. STRUCTURAL FACTORS Hierarchy Control systems Specialization of employees Communication channels
PERCEPTIONS ATTITUDES & BEHAVIORIAL RESPONSES
1
. Attitudinal factors means people’s reactions towards 1.
Nature of work 2.
3.
Workflow interdependencies Client systems 4.
5.
6.
7.
Co-workers Rewards Opportunities of growth Company tolerance
• •
2. Behavioral factors Industriousness Absenteeism
PERCEPTIONS ATTITUDES & BEHAVIORIAL RESPONSES
Respondents should be encouraged to talk
Feel what is happening in the organization at various levels
Seeking all this information depends on good judgment and the YOUR At hand. SITUATION
This all information might reveal the real problem Example:- Employee stock ownership plan Real issue
concern and fear of employees Symptoms
making cosmetic changes in the package to make it more attractive
Next step:- 1). Tabulation of information 2). Frequency of similar responses
AN EXAMPLE OF AN OPEN ENDED INTERVIEW
NAME:-_____________________________ Designation:-_________________________ Occupation:-_________________________ Q1. If you have Rs. 25 lac, where will you invest?
___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Q2. Which factors will influence your investment decision?
____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Q3. Why you want to invest in this particular field? ______________ __________________________________________________________________ Q4. To what extent your investment plan will be successful?
____________________________________________________________________ Q5. What would you expect about the monthly return for such investment?
___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Thanks for your co-operation
An Example of Data Tabulation
Questions (n=53) Q.1 Which one is your favorite ad shown on TV?
-If more than 1 interviewee has selected the ad, their numbers shown in brackets i.e. U-fone (10) Q.2 Why you have selected this ad to be your most favorite?
(A cause de) Q.3 Have you actually bought the product?
Q.4 Age of respondent in years (Average; if more than one) Responses 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
Meezan Bank (3) Walls Feast (2) Morning Dew BMW Coke-Brrr Ad (12) Dalda Cooking Oil Telenor (3) Tapal Tea Mobilink Pepsi (3) Kurkure-Masala Rice Puffs Lifebuoy Soap (2) U-fone (10) British Airways Airtel (2) Johnson’s Baby Shampoo Orient Air Conditioner Sunsilk Shampoo Piano Pen Minute Maid Dentonic Rio Biscuits TataSky Olper’s Milk 1.Jingle
2.Song/background color combination/model 3.Thrill/Adventure 4.Model
5.Concept/Dance Moves/Chill/Different/New Idea 6.Touchy
7.Music/Model/Dance 8.Family Life 9.Message
10.Song/Theme/Actions 11.Model/Product 12.Concept/Product Usefulness 13.Concept/Product Information/New Idea/Gestures/Natural way/Funny/Camera Techniques/Song/Model 14.Innocence
15.Relates with viewer’s Life/Song 16.Innocence
17.Blue background color/Song/Gestures 18.Product Usefulness/Short Duration 19.Theme
20.Concept
21.Funny
22.Theme/Funny 23.Drama
24.Family Life No Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 6 No; 4 yes 24 26 24 23 23 26 39 30 19 19 23 24 25 31 32 26 27 69 53 22 26 31 35 38
Table 1: Exploratory Study Results from the Structured Interviews (Data gathered: April 2008 – September 2008)
LITERATURE SURVEY
• • • Literature survey is conducted to check how similar problems were tackled in the other organizations.
Literature survey is the documentation of a comprehensive review of the published and unpublished work from secondary sources of data in the area of specific interest to the researcher.
Library, books, www, magazines, conference proceedings, thesis, government publications, and financial reports.
WHY HAVE LITERATURE SURVEY
A GOOD LITERATURE SURVEY ENSURES THAT: • • • • • •
Distinction between symptoms and real problem is made Important variables are identified Develop theoretical framework and hypothesis-how to proceed further Problem statement can be made with more precision Avoid reinventing the wheel Recognition in the scientific community of the problem as relevant and real
CONDUCTING THE LITERATURE SURVEY
1.
2.
• 3.
Identify the relevant sources Extracting the relevant information Writing up the literature review
• • •
Relevant Sources
Bibliographic Databases (article name, date, author..) Abstract Databases (all above + summary) Full
EXTRACTING THE RELEVANT INFORMATION
• • • • • • • 1. From the articles extract the following information Problem Variables, factors effecting the variables Sample Data collection Data analysis Results Conclusion 2. Note down everything of importance in some convenient format
The journal article usually has the following parts
•
Title
•
Author Information and Journal Information
•
Abstract
•
Introduction
•
Literature Review, Model and Hypotheses
•
Methodology – Sample, Measures, tests applied
•
Results
•
Discussion
•
Conclusion
Summary
•
Preliminary Data Collection.
•
General Homework Before Going for Structured Interviews.
• •
An Example of an Open Ended Interview and Data Tabulation.
Literature Conduct it.
Survey’s Importance and How do we