Lecture 13.ppt
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Research Tools and Techniques
The Research Process: Step 6
(Research Design – Elements 6, 8
and 5A Measurement and Measures)
Lecture 13
Lecture Topics Covered Previously in the
Last Lecture
• Extent of Researcher Interference
• Study Setting: Contrived Vs. Non Contrived
• Unit of Analysis
What we are going to Cover in this
Lecture
• Time Horizon of Study
• Exercises to Understand the Elements of Research
Design
• How Variables are Measured
• Operational Definitions: Dimensions and Elements
THE RESEARCH PROCESS
(1).
Observation
The Broad
Problem Area
(3).
(4).
Theoretical
Framework
Problem
Definition
Variables
Identification
(5)
(6).
Scientific
Research
Design
Generation
of
Hypothesis
(2).
Preliminary
Data
Gathering
Interviews
and Library
Search
(7).
Data
Collection
and
Analysis
(8)
Deduction
(9).
(10).
(11).
Report
Writing
Report
Presentation
Managerial
Decision
Making
THE ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH DESIGN
1. Purpose of
Study
•Exploratory
•Descriptive
•Hypothesis
Testing
•Case Study
2. Type of
Investigation
Establishing:
Causal
Relationship
or
Co-relational
3. Extent of
Researcher
Interference
•Minimal
•Moderate
•Excessive
4. Study Setting
•Contrived
•Non-Contrived
5.
Measurement
& Measures
•Operational
Definition
•Scaling
•Categorizing
•Coding
10. Test
Application
Feel for
Data
Goodness
of Data
6.Unit of Analysis
(Population to be
studied)
Individuals
Dyads
Groups
Organizations
Machines
etc.
8. Time Horizon
7. Sampling
Design
Probability
Non-probability
Sample Size (n)
One-Shot
(Cross-Sectional)
or
Longitudinal
9. Data
Collection
Method
Observation
Interview
Questionnaire
Physical
Measurement
Hypotheses
Testing
Groups as Unit of Analysis
Productivity
Group 1(Night Shift)
Group 2 (Morning Shift)
3.4
2.8
6.7
4.3
5.6
Mean=4.56
3.3
4.7
6.3
6.6
6.2
Mean=5.42
t-value = 2.87
Countries as Unit of Analysis
Top 50 Corporations
Earn US$/month
(Mean)
Country 1
Pakistan
(700,000)
Country 2
India
(900,000)
Country 3
China
(5000,000)
TIME HORIZON: CROSS-SECTIONAL Vs
LONGITUDINAL STUDIES
1.
Cross Sectional / One Shot:
Data gathered only once maybe over a period of
days/weeks/months i.e. data collection occurring by developing
a questionnaire on research topic, dependent and independent
variables.
Time Line
Jan
2.
Longitudinal Studies:
Researcher might want to study people/phenomena at
more than one point in time
2001
JAN
BEFORE
2003
APR
2005
2007
2009
JUL
OCT
JAN
ENHANCED IT SYSTEM INSTALLED
AFTER
Exercises to Understand the Elements of
Research Design Studied So far
• Exercise 1
A foreman thinks that the low efficiency of the machine operators is
directly linked to the high level of fumes emitted in the workshop. He
would like to prove this to his supervisor through a research study.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Would this be a causal or a correlational study? Why?
Is this an exploratory, descriptive or hypothesis testing study?
Why?
Would this be a field study, lab experiment or field experiment?
Why?
What would be the unit of analysis? Why?
Would this be a cross-sectional or a longitudinal study? Why?
• Exercise 2
Many were concerned about the operations of world famous bank
BCCI. If a researcher has desired to probe into details, would this
investigation be
1.
2.
3.
4.
A causal or a correlational study? Why?
Is this an exploratory, descriptive or hypothesis testing study or
case study? Why?
Would this be a field study, lab experiment or field experiment?
Why?
Would this be a cross-sectional or a longitudinal study? Why?
HOW VARIABLES ARE MEASURED
•
Some variables lend themselves to easy measurement
i.e.
1. The length and breadth of the room you sit in i.e.
20’x10’
2. How long have you been working in this organization
3. The # of bottles produced on average by a factory
worker
• Some variables are hard to measure due to their
subjective nature i.e. thirst, motivation, consumer
satisfaction
• Abstract notions are broken down into observable
characteristic behavior
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION:
DIMENSIONS & ELEMENTS
• Operationalizing or operationally defining a concept to
render it measureable is done by looking at the
behavioral dimensions or properties of the concept.
• Dimensions are then broken down into observable and
measurable elements.
OPERATIONALIZING THE CONCEPT OF
ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION
The concept of achievement motivation would have
five typical broad characteristics
• People would be driven by work
To achieve their desired goal
• They would not relax at all times
• They prefer to work on their own
• They would seek moderate challenge
• They need feedback
The Concept of Achievement Motivation
C
Achievement
Motivation
D
D
D
D
D
Driven by Work
Unable to Relax
Impatient with
Ineffectiveness
Seeks Moderate
Challenge
Seeks Feedback
E
E
E
Constantly
Working
E
Very Reluctant to take
Time Off
E
Persevering despite
Setbacks
Thinks of Work
Even at Home
Not Like Slow
Inefficient
People
E
E
Prefer Challenging
Rather Routine Job
E
E
E
No/Less Hobbies
Not Like Small
Mistakes
Prefer Moderate
Upon Overwhelming
Challenges
Ask for Feedback
E
Is Impatient for
the Feedback
Summary
• Exercises to Understand the Elements of Research
Design
• How Variables are Measured
• Operational Definitions: Dimensions and Elements
• From Concepts to Elements: Some Examples