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Infrastructure
of Information
Systems for
BIS
PART 1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
IS infrastructure and its benefits to business
Building sustainable IS infrastructures
Elements of computer hardware
Elements of computer software
INFORMATION SYSTEMS INFRASTRUCTURE
IS infrastructure includes the plans for how a firm
will build, deploy, use, and share its data,
processes, and IS assets
Hardware
Software
Network
Client
Server
BUSINESS BENEFITS
OF AN EFFECTIVE IS INFRASTRUCTURE
Supporting operations
Information IS infrastructure
Supporting change
Agile IS Infrastructure
Supporting the environment
Sustainable IS infrastructure
SUPPORTING OPERATIONS
Backup and recovery
plan
Disaster recovery plan
Business continuity
plan
Backup & Recovery Plan
Backup – An exact copy of a system’s information
Recovery – The ability to get a system up and
running in the event of a system crash or failure
Fault tolerance: back up and take over
Failover: immediately redirect to backup server
Failback: immediately return to restored server
Disaster recovery plan - A detailed process for recovering
information or an IT system in the event of a catastrophic
disaster such as a fire or flood
Hot site - A separate and fully equipped facility where
the company can move immediately after a disaster and
resume business
Cold site - A separate facility that does not have any
computer equipment, but is a place where employees
can move in after a disaster
Warm site – A separate facility with computer equipment
that requires installation and configuration
Business Continuity Plan
Business continuity planning (BCP) - A plan for
how an organization will recover and restore
partially or completely interrupted critical
function(s) within a predetermined time after a
disaster or extended disruption
Emergency notification services
SUPPORTING CHANGE:
AGILE IS INFRASTRUCTURE
Characteristics of an agile IS infrastructure
Accessibility
Availability
Maintainability
Portability
Reliability
Scalability
Usability
Accessibility
Accessibility - Refers to the varying levels that
define what a user can access, view, or perform
when operating a system
Administrator access – Unrestricted access to the
entire system
Availability
Availability – Time frames when the system is
operational
Unavailable – Time frames when a system is not
operating and cannot be used
High availability – System is continuously
operational at all times
Maintainability
Maintainability – How quickly a system can
transform to support environmental changes
Organizations must watch today’s business, as well
as tomorrow’s, when designing and building
systems
Systems must be flexible enough to meet all types
of business changes
Portability
Portability – The ability of an application to
operate on different devices or software platforms
Reliability
Reliability - Ensures a system is functioning
correctly and providing accurate information
Reliability is another term for “accuracy” when
discussing the correctness of systems within the
context of efficiency IT metrics
Scalability
Scalability - How well a system can scale up, or
adapt to the increased demands of growth
Performance - Measures how quickly a system
performs a process or transaction
Capacity planning - Determines future
environmental infrastructure requirements to
ensure high-quality system performance
Usability
Usability – The degree
to which a system is
easy to learn and
efficient and satisfying
to use
IINFORMATION SYSTEMS
AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Moore’s Law - Refers to the computer chip performance
per dollar doubles every 18 months
Sustainable, or “green,” IS - Describes the production,
management, use, and disposal of technology in a way
that minimizes damage to the environment
Corporate social responsibility - Companies’
acknowledged responsibility to society
IS AND THE ENVIRONMENT . . .
Three Primary Side Effects Of Businesses’
Expanded Use Of Technology
Increased Electronic Waste
E-waste : discarded,
obsolete or broken
electronic devices
Sustainable IS
disposal : safe
disposal of IS assets at
the end of their life
cycle
Increased Energy Consumption
Huge increases in technology use have greatly
amplified energy consumption
The energy consumed by a computer is estimated
to produce as much as 10 percent of the amount
of carbon dioxide produced by an automobile
Increased Carbon Emissions
The major human-generated greenhouse
gases, such as carbon emissions from energy
use, are very likely responsible for the increases
in climatic temperature over the past half a
century
When left on continuously, a single desktop
computer and monitor can consume at least 100
watts of power per hour
SUPPORTING THE ENVIRONMENT:
SUSTAINABLE I.S. INFRASTRUCTURE
The components of a sustainable IS infrastructure
include
Grid computing
Cloud computing
Virtualized computing
Grid Computing
A collection of computers, often geographically
dispersed, that are coordinated to solve a
common problem
Cloud Computing
The use of resources and applications hosted
remotely on the Internet
Cloud Computing Services
Virtualized Computing
Create multiple “virtual” machines on a
single computing device
Information technology (IT) - Any computer-based tool that
people use to work with information and support the
information and information-processing needs of an
organization
Hardware - Consists of the physical devices associated with a
computer system: input, output, storage, and
communication devices
Software - The set of instructions that the hardware
executes to carry out specific tasks :Operating system
software, Utility software, Application software
INFOMATON
TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
HARDWARE
BASICS
HARDWARE BASICS
Internal Workings of Personal Computer
Hard
disk
drive
Floppy
disk
drive
CPU
board
with
fan
RAM
Central processing unit (CPU) (or microprocessor) - The
actual hardware that interprets and executes the program
(software) instructions and coordinates how all the other
hardware devices work together
Control unit - Interprets software instructions and literally tells
the other hardware devices what to do, based on the software
instructions
Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) - Performs all arithmetic operations
(for example, addition and subtraction) and all logic operations
(such as sorting and comparing numbers)
Registers – Primary storages in CPU
CENTRAL
PROCESSING UNIT
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Control unit
Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU)
Registers
Central Processing Unit (CPU) …
Speed of A CPU
The number of CPU cycles per second determines
the speed of a CPU
Megahertz (MHz) - The number of millions of CPU cycles
per second
Gigahertz (GHz) - The number of billions of CPU cycles per
second
CPU Speed Factors
How the CPU Works
Binary form
Machine instruction cycle
Clock speed
Word length
Bus width
Line width
Of Bits and Bytes
Processing . . .
Binary digit (bit) - The smallest unit of information that a
computer can process
Byte - A group of 8 bits representing one natural language
character
Binary Codes
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information
Interchange) : 8 bits
EBCDIC (Extended Binary-Coded Decimal Interchange
Code ) : 16 bits
Unicode : 32 bits and more
Ports
Serial Port
Parallel Port
Map of Motherboard
CLOCK
ROM
RAM
PORT
PORT
PORT
PORT
I/O
CONTROLLER
CONTROL BUS
ADDRESS BUS
DATA BUS
DMA
CONTROLLER
CPU
DMA = Direct Memory Access
Complex instruction set computer (CISC) chip - Type
of CPU that can recognize as many as 100 or more
instructions, enough to carry out most computations
directly
Reduced instruction set computer (RISC) chip - Limit
the number of instructions the CPU can execute to
increase processing speed
Virtualization - A protected memory space created
by the CPU allowing the computer to create virtual
machines
Advances in CPU
Design
Part 2 of same topic
will be in next lecture