Transcript 1000na12.ppt

Psychology 1000NA
Psychology 1000NA
Required text: Psychological Science
Office hours: Mondays, 8:00 - 10:00 am
Tests: Web CT
Course Schedule
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What do the following have in common?
telemarketers
evangelists
dog trainers
fitness instructors
counsellors
con men
casino designers
advertisers
Psychological Science
Definitions
Themes
Origins
Foundations
Branches
Psychological Science
Definitions
Mind
Brain
Themes
Behaviour
Origins
Foundations
Branches
Psychological Science
Definitions
Cumulative
Themes
Biological Revolution
Origins
Adaptive
Foundations
Levels of Analysis
Branches
Themes of Psychological Science
The principles of psychological science are
cumulative.
Themes of Psychological Science
The principles of psychological science are
cumulative.
A biological revolution is energizing
research.
Brain chemistry (neurotransmitters)
Human genome project
Brain imaging
Themes of Psychological Science
The principles of psychological science are
cumulative.
A biological revolution is energizing
research.
The mind is adaptive.
Solving adaptive problems
Modern minds in stone-age skulls
Themes of Psychological Science
The principles of psychological science are
cumulative.
A biological revolution is energizing
research.
The mind is adaptive.
Psychological science crosses levels of
analysis.
W. W. Norton
Psychological Science
Definitions
Themes
Origins
Foundations
Nature-Nuture
Mind-Body
Evolution
Branches
Nature-Nurture Debate
Which are a result of “nature” and which
are a result of “nurture?”
obesity
autism
stuttering
post traumatic stress disorder
Mind-Body Problem
Mind-Body Problem
Dualism
Mind-Body Problem
Dualism
Parallel Interaction
Mind-Body Problem
Dualism
Parallel Interaction
Causal Relationship:
Mind-Body Problem
Dualism
Parallel Interaction
Causal Relationship:
mental processes cause neurophysiological
processes
Mind-Body Problem
Dualism
Parallel Interaction
Causal Relationship:
mental processes cause neurophysiological
processes
neurophysiological processes cause mental
processes
Mind-Body Problem
Dualism
Parallel Interaction
Causal Relationship:
mental processes cause neurophysiological
processes
neurophysiological processes cause mental
processes
Reductionism
Evolution
Natural Selection
“all of an organism’s characteristics - its
structure, its coloration, its behaviour have functional significance”
behaviour itself is not inherited - what is
inherited is a brain that causes the
behaviour to occur.
Evolution
Members of a species not all identical some of differences exhibited are
inherited by offspring
If the inherited characteristics permit
it to reproduce more successfully, some
of the individual’s offspring will inherit
the favorable characteristics and will
themselves produce more offspring
characteristic will become more
prevalent
Evolution
Owl butterfly
albino - maladaptive trait
finches
W. W. Norton
Artificial Selection
Racehorses
show dogs
animal breeders
plant breeders
Psychological Science
Definitions
Themes
Origins
Foundations
Branches
Structuralism
Functionalism
Gestalt
Psychology
Unconsciousness
Behaviourism
Cognitive
Psychology
Social
Psychology
Structuralism
Titchener (1867-1927)
“conscious experience can be broken down
into its underlying components or elements”
introspection
“systematic examination of subjective mental
experiences that required people to inspect and
report on the content of their thoughts”
disadvantage and advantage to the technique:
• subjectiveness
Functionalism
James (1842-1910)
“the mind could not be broken down into its
elements because the mind was much more
complex than its elements.”
“more concerned with how the mind
operates than what the mind contains”
What is the purpose of the
mind/behaviour?
Gestalt Psychology
Kohler (1887-1967)
phenomenological approach
the whole is greater than the sum of the
parts
Perception is subjective - no two people
interpret the same context the same
Unconsciousness
Freud (1856-1939)
“much of human behaviour is determined
by mental processes that operate below
the level of conscious awareness, at the
level of the unconscious.”
Psychoanalysis
Behaviourism
Watson (1878-1958)
cannot focus on mental processes as not
scientific
nature-nurture: “all behaviour was caused
by environmental factors”
if understood environmental triggers/stimuli,
then could predict behaviour
Skinner (1904-1990)
How was behaviour controlled/influenced
by the consequences?
Cognitive Psychology
higher-order mental functions
intelligence
thinking
language
memory
decision-making
Social Psychology
Lewin (1890-1947)
interplay between people and the social
environment
Determining your school of psychology
Psychological Science
Definitions
Themes
Origins
Foundations
Branches
Branches
cognitive psychologist/cognitive
neuroscientist
social psychologist
gestalt psychologists
psychoanalysis
behaviourists
neuropsychologists
Approaches
psychometrics (educational psychology)
Approaches
psychometrics (educational psychology)
developmental psychology
Approaches
psychometrics (educational psychology)
developmental psychology
behavioural psychologist
Approaches
psychometrics (educational psychology)
developmental psychology
behavioural psychologist
cognitive psychologist
skills/strategies
Approaches
psychometrics (educational psychology)
developmental psychology
behavioural psychologist
cognitive psychologist
biological psychologist
nutrition/chemical imbalances
Approaches
psychometrics (educational psychology)
developmental psychology
behavioural psychologist
cognitive psychologist
biological psychologist
clinical psychologist
Approaches
psychometrics (educational psychology)
developmental psychology
behavioural psychologist
cognitive psychologist
biological psychologist
clinical psychologist
social psychologist
support system
Psychology is Used and Abused
human resource departments
conflict resolutions
advertising
lawyers
political spin doctors
coaches
teachers
motivational speakers
Research in Everyday Life
“Recommended by 4 out of 5 dentists”
Research in Everyday Life
“Recommended by 4 out of 5 dentists”
How did the surveyors select the dentists?
Research in Everyday Life
“Recommended by 4 out of 5 dentists”
How did the surveyors select the dentists?
How many dentists were surveyed?
Research in Everyday Life
“Recommended by 4 out of 5 dentists”
How did the surveyors select the dentists?
How many dentists were surveyed?
Were there any toothpastes recommended
by 5 out of 5 dentists?
How many other toothpastes were
recommended?
Did the dentists just recommend one brand or did
they pick from, say, the top 3?
Was there a list the dentists had to choose from
Research in Everyday Life
“Recommended by 4 out of 5 dentists”
How did the surveyors select the dentists?
How many dentists were surveyed?
Were there any toothpastes recommended
by 5 out of 5 dentists?
Was the brand the first recommendation for
the 4 out of 5 dentists?
Research in Everyday Life
“Recommended by 4 out of 5 dentists”
How did the surveyors select the dentists?
How many dentists were surveyed?
Were there any toothpastes recommended
by 5 out of 5 dentists?
Was the brand the first recommendation for
the 4 out of 5 dentists?
Do the dental records of Brand X users
support the claim?
Scientific Inquiry
Research Methodology
Empirical Process
Types of Studies
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Empirical Process
Goals:
accuracy
objectivity
skepticism
open-mindedness
Types of Studies
Differ according to amount of
researcher control over the variables:
Experimental
Correlational
Descriptive
Types of Studies
Experimental
maximal control over situation
typically one variable is manipulated
(independent variable) to see the effect
on a second (dependent) variable
experimental condition
experimental group
control group
Types of Studies
Experimental
Correlational
variables are not manipulated
cannot determine causation
Types of Studies
Experimental
Correlational
Descriptive
observational
naturalistic observation
participant observation
Methods of Data Collection
Observation
self-report
case study
response performance
Methods of Data Collection
Observation
operational definition
observable, quantifiable behaviours
observer bias
Methods of Data Collection
Observation
self-report
surveys
interviews
questionnaires
Methods of Data Collection
Observation
self-report
case study
Methods of Data Collection
Observation
self-report
case study
response performance
behavioural
psychophysiological
Data Analysis
Reliability
Validity
Descriptive Statistics (“typical” behaviour)
mean
median
mode
variability
Descriptive Statistics
80%
85%
75%
90%
70%
80%
80%
85%
80%
60%
75%
80%
70%
Mean = 78%
Descriptive Statistics
60%
70%
70%
75%
75%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
85%
85%
90%
Mean = 78%
Median = 80%
Descriptive Statistics
60%
70%
70%
75%
75%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
85%
85%
90%
Mean = 78%
Median = 80%
Mode = 80%
Correlation
How closely related are two variables?
Negative correlation
when one variable increases in value, the
other decreases in value
Positive correlation
the variables increase or decrease together
Inferential Statistics
used to determine if the groups are
different from each other
probability that the difference between
the groups was not due to chance
p < 0.05
Ethics
What are the benefits?
What are the risks?
How is participant confidentiality
maintained?
Do you have informed consent?