Ch. 6, 8

th

grade

  One of the great influences on westward expansion was the building of the Transcontinental Railroad Let’s find out more…

Chapter 6, Section 1: The Growth of Industry

http://www.history.com/shows/modern-

Inventions that Encouraged the Growth

marvels/videos/light-bulb-turns-night-into day#light-bulb-turns-night-into-day

of Industry

  

Edison's electric light Bessemer steel process Edwin Drake's method for drilling for oil

launched the oil industry

The steel industry was important to the nation’s economic growth because steel was better than iron for use in building RR tracks.

Edwin Drake

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D4sykoU WZ8g

 

Section 1: The Growth of Industry

a

patent is a government document giving an inventor the exclusive right to make and sell his or her invention

for a specific number of years A

generator is a machine that produces electric current

a patent

U. S. Patents Granted

1790s → 276 patents issued .

1990s → 1,119,220 patents issued



Section 1: The Growth of Industry

American industry didn't grow at a steady pace 

pattern of good and bad times is the business cycle

Section 1: The Growth of Industry

Bell and the Telephone

•

Alexander Graham Bell

invented the telephone • • • It took him years of experiments March 1876, Watson, Bell's assistant heard Bell say,

"Mr. Watson, come here.

I want you."

    

Chapter 6, Section 2: Railroads Transform the Nation The Transcontinental Railroad Spanned the Continent

- In 1862, Congress passed a bill calling for two

companies

to build a

railroad

entire country that crossed the - the

Central Pacific

would start in California and go East - the

Union Pacific

would start in Nebraska and go West - the government offered them 20 square miles of

land

The RR could sell it for for every mile of track that they laid.

money

Chapter 6, Section 2: Railroads Transform the Nation

    

Building the Railroad:

- Due to the

mining

boom, the Central Pacific faced a

shortage

workers to build tracks of - they decided to hire

Chinese

immigrant workers, who were not very well liked by many people in California & the West - this was a great move, because they

worked

very hard, got sick less (drank

tea

instead of the water), etc.

- the Union Pacific hired former

soldiers

from the Civil War, freed

slaves

, and many

immigrants

from Ireland, etc.

     

Chapter 6, Section 2: Railroads Transform the Nation Railroads Tie the Nation Together

- the RR lines met in 1869 a “

Golden

Spike” ceremony was held to celebrate the meeting of the two lines in Promontory Point,

Utah

- hundreds of people gathered as the president of the Central and the vice president of the Union Pacific drove the last spike in - even though they both

missed

America was now connected , the telegraph still sent the news that - the

Chinese

workers didn’t get the credit deserved

Chapter 6, Section 2: Railroads Transform the Nation



Railroad Time

 - America had to change their

time

system now  - before, each

town

it’s own “solar time” had based on the

sun standard time 1. was proposed or begun by the RRs 2. divided U.S. into 4 time zones 3. it replaced a system where each town kept its own time 4. the standard time system is till in effect today

http://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-did-trains-standardize-time-in-the-united-states-william-heuisler

     

Chapter 6, Section 2: Railroads Transform the Nation How did the RRs change where Americans lived in the 1800’s?

1) Linked the

economies

of the west and east (shipping) 2) Helped people

settle

the West (jobs, travel, etc) 3) Affected

Native American

life in the West

(RRs carried hunters who killed buffalo, and miners who laid claim to NA land)

4) In the late

1800’s RRs changed lives

people relied less on the

environment

(not near water) 5)

Places that were not on a coast or a major river became important cities

9:55

The Transcontinental Railroad

The History Channel

9:42

9:04

Impact of Western Expansion of the U.S.

     Population shift to west coast and great plains (East coast still has the most though) Native American way of life pretty much wiped out Farming in the plains increased New towns formed Railroad transformed travel

6.3 The Rise of Big Business

Business leaders

industrial expansion and created

new

guided ways of doing business.

6.3 The Rise of Big Business

• The Growth of Corporations ~most businesses had been owned directly one person or by a few partners by • • • owners wanted to buy new equipment and needed to raise money they used a corporation to do it a

corporation is a business owned by investors who buy part of the company through shares of stock

Who founded the oil and steel industries?

A. These industries were controlled by two people 1. John D. Rockefeller-oil (bought other refineries) 2. Andrew Carnegie-steel (bought companies related to the manufacturing of steel)

• • • •

6.3 The Rise of Big Business

The Oil and Steel Industries these industries began to grow in the 1800's

John D. Rockefeller established a monopoly on the oil industry monopoly

- a company that wipes out its competitors and controls an industry

(when one company controls an industry)

he created

a legal body that held stock in many companies called a trust

6.3 The Rise of Big Business

• •

Differences in methods: Rockefeller tried to control all the oil companies in his industry by establishing an oil trust which gave him a monopoly.

Andrew Carnegie

tried to beat his competition in the steel industry by making the best and cheapest product and by

controlling all the processes related to making steel

Philanthropists

• • • • • Rockefeller and Carnegie were both multi millionaires.

They were both

philanthropists, people who give large sums of money to charities

Rockefeller-more than $500 million Carnegie- more than $350 million universities and libraries

http://www.history.com/shows/america-the story-of-us/videos/andrew-carnegie#andrew carnegie 2:11

6.3 The Rise of Big Business

• • •

The Gilded Age-an era in the late 1800's that was a time of fabulous wealth for some Americans

By calling this era the Gilded Age, Twain and Charles Warner who wrote a book about it, were sounding an alarm. Something is gilded if it is covered with gold on the outside but made of cheaper material inside. A gilded age might appear to sparkle, but Twain, Warner, and other writers tried to point out that beneath the surface lay corruption, poverty, crime, and great differences in wealth between the rich and the poor.

The Gilded Age video

6.3 The Rise of Big Business

• • • The South one region that knew great poverty was the South the Civil War had left it in ruins the Southern economy grew very slowly after the war •

most of the South remained agricultural

Chapter 6 “An Industrial Society 1860 1914”Section 4 “Workers Organize”

Main Idea: To increase

their ability to bargain with management, workers formed labor unions.

In order to keep profits high, business owners ran companies as cheaply as possible, sometimes turning to

sweatshops 1.workers labored long hours under poor conditions for low wages 2. Children often worked there, as well as adults 3. The work was repetitive and boring

6.4 Workers Organize because:

•

in 1873, a

serious economic depression started, and companies like the B & O RR and the Pullman Company, needed to cut costs.

•

worker pay cuts for the next 4 years

•

1/5 lost their jobs

What were the early unions?

Labor unions unite across the country to improve conditions for workers 1. Strikes against the RRs were the first attempt to protect workers’ rights (Knights of Labor) 2

. In 1877, the B&O RR workers were the first to strike due to a wage cut of 10%

3. President Rutherford B. Hayes called out

federal troops to end the 1877 RR Strike because RR traffic was stopped.

4. before the end of the two week strike, dozens of people were killed

The Haymarket Affair

• • • • ~1886, Chicago, the McCormick Harvester Company locked out striking union members then they hired strikebreakers them to replace on May 3, there was a fight and one union member was killed the next day , union leaders called a protest meeting at Haymarket Square

• • • • • • •

The

Haymarket Affair

cont.

it was a rainy night, and not many people attended police moved in to end the rally an unknown person threw a bomb it killed 7 police and wounded about 60 police opened fire on the crowd, killing several people and wounding about 100

the public saw the union movement as radical and violent opposition to unions increased, and membership in the Knights of Labor dropped rapidly

Homestead Strike

~1892, labor strike over lowered wages breaks out at a steel mill in Homestead, PA; workers lose (Andrew Carnegie wins),

violence erupts

-10 dead and troops had to be called out

Pullman Strike (Unions DID NOT get fed funding for this strike)

~1884, Labor strike at

Pullman Palace Car Co.

*25% pay cut, but didn’t lower rent on company housing

*rail traffic comes to a halt * Pres. Cleveland called out federal troops to end the strike because it halted RR traffic disrupting transportation and commerce

What were the union setbacks?

Business and government leaders fear unions Clashes between strikers, “strikebreakers,” and police cause union membership to drop (ex.Haymarket Affair)

Who was Gompers? What was the AFL?

A. Labor unions continue to fight; Samuel Gompers starts national organization of unions known as the

AFL (American Federation of Labor)

. Served as the president for 37 years.

1. Using strikes, boycotts, and negotiations

the AFL wins shorter work hours and better pay for workers

Labor Struggles Facts

• • •

The Homestead Strike and the Haymarket Affair both involved violence Federal troops were called in to end the RR Strike of 1877 and the Pullman Strike when traffic was stopped.

The AFL won shorter working hours and better pay for workers

What did the RR Strike of 1877, the Pullman Strike, and the Homestead Steel Strike all have in common?

They were all caused by employers cutting workers’ wages.

The Pullman Strike

Child Labor

• http://www.history.com/videos/the-fight to-end-child-labor#the-fight-to-end-child labor 1:39