Dr. James Kuria - University of Nairobi
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Transcript Dr. James Kuria - University of Nairobi
WOUND HEALING POTENTIAL,
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY,
PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND SAFETY
TESTS OF ASPILIA PLURISETA
SCWEINF. (ASTERACEAE).
A project for Master of Science degree in Natural
Products and Bio-prospecting (University of
Nairobi).
INVESTIGATOR
Dr James Menni Kuria (BVM)
Department of Public Health, Pharmacology
and Toxicology
University of Nairobi
SUPERVISORS
Prof J. M. Mbaria
Prof P. K. Gathumbi
Prof S. G. Kiama
INTRODUCTION
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Approx. 50% of drugs in clinical use: natural
products or derivatives (Cowan, 1999);
Africa: 25% of global genetic pool;
Yet, little contribution to NP based industry, and
high rate of biodiversity loss;
Wound healing abnormalities: deformity and
disability (Ashoka et al, 2011): costly, substrate
for infection. Yet, few cost effective remedies;
Repeated mention of A. pluriseta use as wound
healant ethnomedically, hence need for
validation of claims.
OBJECTIVES
General Objective:
• To study the wound healing efficacy of Aspilia
pluriseta, its phytochemistry and safety.
Specific Objectives:
• To evaluate the wound healing activity of Aspilia
pluriseta powder on excision wounds in mice;
• To determine the antifungal and antibacterial
activity of methanolic extract of Aspilia pluriseta
against wound pathogens;
• To screen qualitatively the phytochemicals in the
methanolic extract of Aspilia pluriseta; and,
• To evaluate the safety of topical application of
Aspilia pluriseta.
ASPILIA PLURISETA SCHWEINF.
(ASTERACEAE)
UTILIZATION OF A. PLURISETA
Reports of use in Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda and
Zimbabwe;
Use ranges from treatment against infections,
infestations, post partum disorders to magic;
Frequent mention of use as therapy for cuts,
burns, bruises and other dermatologic conditions
JUSTIFICATION FOR THE STUDY
Wounds: significant impact on QOL of human
and animal patients; present a heavy economic
burden; pose reduction in the efficiency of the
human labor force and productivity of food
animals;
Natural resources derived remedies are cheaper,
more available and purportedly safer. Other DD
strategies have yielded few wound healants;
Documentation and validation of traditional
knowledge is key to conservation of shrinking
plant genetic resource base (Neuwinger, 2000).
FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF WOUND
HEALING
Local factors: oxygenation, infection, foreign
matter in the wound and blood supply to the
wound;
Systemic factors: age and gender, ischemia,
concurrent diseases, obesity, medications, drug
and substance abuse, immune suppression and
nutrition
SUMMARY OF WOUND HEALING PROCESS
HEALING IN RELATION TO TIME
METHODOLOGY
Collection and preparation of plant material
Thika Superhighway in Ruiru (1° 9' 0" South, 36° 58'
0" East), January 2012;
Cleaned with water;
Shade dried for 10 days;
Ground to powder;
Packaged, stored till use.
EXTRACTION
Cold maceration, methanol;
72 hours, regular agitation;
Course filtration (cotton wool), fine filtration
(Whatman № 1);
Evaporation in vacuo at 50°C;
Sand bath (50°C) until constant weight achieved;
Yield determined.
WOUND OINTMENT PREPARATION
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Sieving of plant powder (mechanical sieve
shaker);
Formulation of simple ointment (BP): white soft
paraffin, ceto-stearyl alcohol, hard paraffin and
wool fat in 17:1:1:1 ratio melted together then
stir mixed until solid cool;
Trituration of +125µm powder into SO until
uniformly mixed. 10% and 20% ointment made;
Ready ointment packaged.
OINTMENT PREPARATION SUMMARY
WOUND HEALING ASSAY
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Animals: Swiss albino mice, approx. 12-15 wks
old, 28-34gms, room conditions housing at PHPT;
Depilation of dorsum using electric clipper,
sanitized using 5% povidone iodine;
Full thickness excision wounds created using
thumb forceps and Mayo’s scissors, approx.
100mm², under inhalant anesthesia (halothane);
4 groups of mice;
Wound area traced onto tracing paper;
Wounds left open and respective Rx applied.
TREATMENT
Group 1 (10% ointment);
Group 2 (20% ointment);
Group 3 (negative control, SO);
Group 4 (Silverex Cream® (Ranbaxy) 1% silver
sulfadiazine and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate);
Daily treatment for 21 days;
IMMEDIATE POST-WOUNDING TIME
PARAMETERS
Percent wound area reduction;
Subjective observations for extent of
inflammation, exudation, extent of granulation
and scab formation;
Time to complete epithelialization;
Histopathology.
OBSERVATIONS
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Wounds observed daily before application of
ointment and after cleaning with Savlon®;
Area traces taken every three days. Percent area
reduction computed with area on day 0 as
reference;
Histopathology samples taken from a satellite
group on 7th and 14th day.
Scar tissue taken from all the animals after
termination on 21st day. Tissues processed
routinely, blocked with paraffin wax and stained
with H&E, Masson’s Trichrome.
WOUND SIZE COMPARISONS (DAY 6)
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY ASSAY
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Methanol extract used, prepared to a 1600mg/ml
stock solution;
Broth micro-dilution method used;
5 bacterial, 1 fungal species used;
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Staphylococcus aureus ATCC-25923
Bacillus cereus ATCC-11778
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC-27853
Streptococcus pyogenes
Escherichia coli ATCC-25992
Candida albicans
Gentamicin Sulphate and Amphotericin B used
as positive controls.
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY ASSAY
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Starting concentration of extract in Mueller
Hinton broth was 800mg/ml. Diluted serially up
to 3.125mg/ml;
Bacterial/fungal innoculum concentration used:
1* 106 CFU/ml;
Incubated for 24 hrs and 48hrs at 37° C and room
temp. for the bacteria and fungi respectively;
Contents from tubes not showing growth grossly
subcultured onto MH agar plates.
PARAMETERS
Minimum Bactericidal Concentration: lowest
concentration of test substance that does not
permit growth. Lowest concentration to
completely eliminate all organisms after 24 hr
incubation in presence of extract;
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration: lowest
concentration of test substance that does not
permit visible growth after 24/48 hr incubation.
PHYTOCHEMISTRY
Published protocols used to screen for presence of
phytochemicals in methanol extract:
Alkaloids: Wagner’s test;
Flavonoids: Alkaline Reagent test;
Glycosides: Modified Borntrager’s test;
Phytosterols: Salkowski’s test;
Phenols: Ferric Chloride test;
Tannins: Gelatin test.
SKIN SENSITIZATION ASSAY: BUEHLER
NON-ADJUVANT TEST.
Carried out alongside OECD TG 406 with
modification on number of animals;
Plan to sequentially test small groups of animals
and only proceed to another group if the
preceding group gave a negative result;
Test substance applied to clipped, marked area
an left rump on 1st, 7th, 14th and 21st days
(induction exposure);
Test substance applied on contralateral side on
28th day (challenge exposure).
SKIN SENSITIZATION ASSAY: BUEHLER
NON-ADJUVANT TEST.
EXTRACTION
MeOH extract yield: 12.5%.
RESULTS: TIME TO COMPLETE
EPITHELIALIZATION
RESULTS: PERCENT WOUND AREA
REDUCTION
RESULTS: MIC VALUES FOR TESTED
ORGANISMS
RESULTS: MBC VALUES FOR TESTED
ORGANISMS
Organism
MBC
Bacillus cereus ATCC- 11778
800mg/ml
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC- 25923
800mg/ml
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC-27853
800mg/ml
Escherichia coli ATCC- 25922
800mg/ml
Streptococcus agalactiae
100mg/ml
Candida albicans
800mg/ml
CANDIDA ALBICANS IN 50MG/ML EXTRACT
CONCENTRATION
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY ASSAY RESULTS
All the concentrations of reference drugs used
completely eliminated all the test organisms
RESULTS: SKIN SENSITIZATION ASSAY
RESULTS: SKIN SENSITIZATION ASSAY
Day 28: Score 2-moderate and confluent
erythema
Day 35: Score 2-moderate and confluent
erythema
DISCUSSION
Wound healing activity: appreciable activity
Antimicrobial activity assay: marginal and nonspecific activity
Skin sensitization test: moderate sensitizer
Further tests:
Testing of aqueous and organic extracts’ wound
healing activity;
Screening of the extracts for other bioactivity;
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
UoNbi, Supervisors
RISE-AFFNET
Thank you very much