Transcript Ukieri - ASERF
UKERI Widening Access & Social Inclusion in Higher Education
HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDIA:
Funding Access, Quality and Equity
Jandhyala Tilak
N ational U niversity of E ducational P lanning and A dministration
New Delhi
Kolkata 26-28 March 2007
The Equilateral Triangle
Quantity/Access
The Elusive Δ of the 3 Q’s
25/04/2020 Quality Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata Equity
Current Status of Higher Education
25/04/2020 Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata
Growth of Higher Education in India
1947-48 1950-51 1960-61 1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2004-05 Colleges 516 578 1819 3277 4577 6627 10152 17625 20 28 45 93 123 184 254 343 Univs Enrolment
(million)
0.2
0.2
0.6
2.0
2.8
4.4
8.6
10.5
Gross Enrolment Ratio (2004-05): 9.2 per cent 25/04/2020 Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata
Strengths of Indian Higher Education
One of the largest education systems Largest stock of educated manpower Self reliance in manpower needs Export of manpower Democratisation: improvement in equity Pockets of excellence Diversity 25/04/2020 Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata
Quality Inequalities Inadequacy
Weaknesses of Indian Higher Education
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Contribution of Higher Education
Self reliance in manpower ‘Export’ of skilled manpower to the world economy Socioeconomic development Democracy and political stability Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata
The Growth is not Adequate
For rapid economic development To face global challenges Globalisation and international competition For sustainable high levels human development For building an equitable system of education, promising opportunities for all Creation of Knowledge Society 25/04/2020 Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata
Gross Enrolment Ratio in Higher Education (around 2000)
US Sweden Norway New Zealand Australia UK Canada Sp ain Denmark Austria Belgium Netherlands France Italy Jap an Germany Switzerland India 0 25/04/2020 10 20 30 40 Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata 50 60 70 80
25/04/2020
Inequalities in Higher Education
Regional: Inter-State disparities Rural-urban Inequalities between Social Groups Caste Religion gender Inequalities between Economic Groups Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata
Gross Enrolment Ratio in Higher Education 2003-04 (%)
Chandigarh Pondicherry Goa HP M aharashtr Uttaranchal Tamil Nadu Karnataka Delhi Hary ana Gujarat AP Punjab Kerala Orissa M P WB Assam UP Jharkhand Chattisgarh Bihar Rajasthan JK 0.00
25/04/2020 5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata 25.00
30.00
35.00
12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1.6
Rural India 25/04/2020
Adult Population with Higher Education
(%), 1995-96 11.2
4.2
Urban India Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata All India
Scheduled Tribes Scheduled Castes Other Backward Castes Others All Source: NSS 55 th Round 25/04/2020
% of Population (7+) with Higher Education, by Social Groups, 1999-2000
Male 1.2
1.3
2.1
4.4
2.6
Rural Female 0.2
0.3
0.6
1.4
0.8
All 0.7
0.8
1.4
3.0
1.7
Male 9.1
4.1
1.1
18.2
12.7
Urban Female 4.7
2.0
3.7
12.7
8.2
All 7.0
3.1
5.5
15.6
10.5
Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata
Inequities by Economic levels
Adult Population with Higher Education (%) 1995-96 25/04/2020 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0.9
Poorest Quintile 1.7
2.3
4.2
Second Quintile Third Quintile Fourth Quintile
Household Expenditure Groups
Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata 10.2
Richest Quintile
Recent Trends in Higher Education Policies and Practices
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Public Policies and Practices
Decline in Public Budgets Non-Recruitment of Teachers Cost Recovery Fees Loans Privatisation Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata
0.5
Public Expenditure on Higher Education
(% of GNP) 0.4
0.3
25/04/2020 Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata
Declining Per Student Real Expenditure on Higher Education Index
120 100 80 60 1990-91 25/04/2020 1993-94 1996-97 Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata 1999-2000 2002-03RE
Scholarships
as % of Expenditure on Higher Education (Union Government )
0.55
0.50
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
19 90 -9 1 19 91 -9 2 19 92 -9 3 19 93 -9 4 19 94 -9 5 19 95 -9 6 19 96 -9 7 19 97 -9 8 19 98 -9 9 19 99 -2 00 0R E 20 00 -0 1B E Source: Based on M HRD.
25/04/2020 Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata
Decline in Scholarships*
(Union Government Education Department) 1989-90 1990-91 1994-95 2003-04
Million (current prices)
Rs.62.3
Rs.20.9
Rs.27.5
Rs. 7.6
25/04/2020 * General Education Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata
25/04/2020 2 0 6 4
UGC Grants: Research Fellowships
(% of Total Non-Plan Grants) 5.68
1.79
1995-96 2001-02 Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata
Steep Increases in Fees
Recommendation: 20% cost recovery rate Introduction of different types of fees: Foreign/NRI students, management quota, merit (free) and payment seats, normal… Fees for different items Application, registration, lab, exams, marks statement, fees for authentication of certificates …..
Erratic and uncontrolled Increases in fees Introduction of Self financing courses 25/04/2020 Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata
Cost Recovery in Universities
No. of Universities with rates of cost recovery (Total Sample : 36) (latest year: mid/late 1990s) 50% 30-50% 20-30% Six universities Four Nine 10-20% < 10% Seven Ten 25/04/2020 Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata
Student Loans
Revitalization of Student Loan Programmes Government operated loan scheme replaced by Bank operated Loans Increasing reliance on loans Loans preferred over scholarships (by the government) 25/04/2020 Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata
Student Loans
Problems with Bank operated Loans
Limited in number Not Equity Oriented Not Excellence Oriented Accentuation of commercialisation of higher education Further Increase in fees Restricting access and Increase in inequities Shifting of responsibility to the individual domain 25/04/2020 Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata
Teacher Recruitment
Stagnation/Non-Recruitment for several years in many universities and colleges Fiscal New policies Recruitment of
para
teachers Under qualified Under paid Unfair service conditions 25/04/2020 Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata
Privatisation of Higher Education: Trends
↓
Decline in Philanthropy Virtual halt of State-aided private sector ↑ Rapid growth in Self-financing private sector, leading to diminution of public sector ↑ Growth in Self financing courses in public universities/colleges 25/04/2020 Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata
Growth of Private Sector in Higher Education (Andhra Pradesh)
100% 75% 50% 25% 25/04/2020 0% Government Engg.
M ed. Etc Private Aided Gen. Degree Polytech.
Private Self-Financing Jr Colleges Source: Govt of AP Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata
Fees in Public and Private Institutions
Fees (Absolute Amounts) Private > Public Fees in Private /Public Institutions India (50-80) :: Developed Countries (3-8) Fees/cost Ratio (
Cost Recovery Rate
) Private (100%) :: Public (20%) 25/04/2020 Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata
Access and Privatisation
>50% higher education institutions are in private sector in 18 countries Only in 4 counties (Brazil, Chile, Philippines and Japan) 50% (or more) enrolments are in private institutions 25/04/2020 Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata
Uruguay USA Mexico Kenya Thailand Malaysia 25/04/2020
Paradoxes in Size of Private Higher Education
% of
Universities 89 75 73 70 49 42 Enrolment (university) 12 35 42 19 17 8 Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata
Higher Education in USA:
% Shares
Institutions Enrolment
Public Private not for profit Private for Profit 19.6
65.3
15.0
57.3
38.1
4.7
Note: Based on a sample of universities Source: XI Plan Working Group on Higher Education, 2006 (based on 10 states in USA) 25/04/2020 Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata
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Sum up on Policies
Reduced Levels of Public Financing Increased levels of Cost Recovery Non-Recruitment of Teachers Rapid Privatisation All adversely effect equitable access to quality higher education Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata
Financing for Widening Access
What needs to be done?
Government commitment to funding higher education 6% of GDP to education 1.5% of GDP to Higher Education Focus on quality and equity Operation blackboard like programme 25/04/2020 Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata
What needs to be done?
Desired Level of Funding
Government Commitment to funding higher education is crucial.
Elementary education 3.0% of GNP Secondary education 1.5% Higher General education 1.0% Higher Technical education 0.5%
Total 6.0%
25/04/2020 Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata
What needs to be done?
At least a minimum assured level of proportion of the budgets for scholarships To promote excellence (
merit
scholarships) To promote equity (
merit-cum-means
scholarships) At least a minimum proportion for research Ceiling on fees Less reliance on Private sector and foreign institutions 25/04/2020 Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata
What needs to be done?
Investment in Infrastructure development Operation blackboard-like programme in colleges and universities (focusing on library/laboratories/play grounds etc.) Recruitment of faculty A long term perspective plan Balanced development of all layers of education 25/04/2020 Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata
The 3 Quadrants of the Education Pyramid
Higher All the three are inter-dependent 25/04/2020 Primary Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata Secondary