gwagner.2013.05.15.GABBA
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Air Force Technical Applications Center
Subspace Based ThreeComponent Array Processing
Gregory Wagner
Nuclear Treaty Monitoring
Geophysics Division
15 May 2013
1
Introduction
Arrays play a crucial role in AFTAC’s nuclear treaty monitoring
mission. The benefits of array data include:
The ability to increase signal-to-noise ratios helps lower detection
thresholds.
The ability to characterize the wavefield in terms of frequency,
azimuth, slowness, and polarization characteristics helps improve
phase identification and, in turn, network processing (the Global
Association algorithm uses time, azimuth, slowness, and
polarization information in network processing).
The ability to use multi-channel matched filters helps improve
identification and classification.
Three-component arrays play an important role in local/regional
monitoring because of the relatively shallow incidence angles of
local/regional phases.
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Time Domain Beam Forming:
Delay and Sum
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Frequency Domain Beam
Forming: Shift Theorem
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Single-Component Array Frequency
Domain Data Vector
In frequency domain fk analysis, “steering vectors” are
used to search for maxima in x,y slowness space and in
so doing identify the azimuth and slowness of coherent
signals (~Factor Analysis (FA)). Steering vectors ( e(w) )
have the same form as the a(w); they parameterize the
pair-wise propagation-induced phase delays for a signal
with an assumed azimuth and slowness (or sx,sy).
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Beam and Beam Power
Using the steering vectors, the beam is given by:
The beam power is given by:
Where R, the covariance matrix, is:
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Sample Covariance Matrix
For the single signal, no noise case, the correlation/
covariance matrix is a rank-one matrix:
The propagation induced phase delays are embedded in
the covariance matrix. The columns of R are simply the
pair-wise propagation induced phase delays with respect
to a different reference sensor.
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Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
For the single signal case, the vector containing the
propagation induced phase shifts can be obtained by
performing a principal component decomposition of R:
The eigenvector associated with the largest eigenvalue is
essentially an empirical steering vector for the observed
signal.
For the single signal case, the principal component
eigenvector spans a one dimensional “signal subspace”.
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Multiple Signals Plus Noise
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Signal (+Noise) and Noise Subspaces
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Subspace Based SingleComponent Array Processing
For the single-component array case, several estimates
can be easily computed using the basis provided by the
principal component decomposition:
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Three-Component Array Processing
For a single-component array, the steering vectors are used to
search for spectral peaks in two-dimensional slowness space (sx,sy,
or azimuth and slowness).
For a three-component array, the elements of R (which is now a 3N x
3N matrix) provide information about both the sensor-wise
propagation-induced phase delays, and the component-wise
amplitude and phase relations for signals that have rectilinear,
transverse, or elliptical particle motion.
Using a factor analysis type approach to identify the steering/mode
vectors in three-component array data is not practical due to the
computational burden it implies (a multi-dimensional search over
slowness and polarization space), and/or does not make full use of
the three-component array data (e.g., computing independent fk’s
using vertical, transverse, and radial components).
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Three-Component Array Processing
For three-component array data we instead perform a second
principal component analysis on the Z,NS,EW components from the
subspace projections.
For the three-component array case, the 3x3 polarization covariance
matrix for the MUSIC (Multiple Signal Classification) estimate is:
3N x 3
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Three-Component Array Processing
The magnitude of the multidimensional MUSIC nullspectrum is the inverse of the minimum eigenvalue of
CMU ( lamda_3 ).
The associated eigenvector ( p3(x,x,x) ) is, in general,
complex and parameterizes the component-wise
amplitude and phase relations (i.e., the signal’s
polarization characteristics).
The signal’s wave type can be inferred based on c and
the particle motion polarization parameterized by
p3(x,x,x) .
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Three Signal Test Case
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Eigenvalues for Three Signal Test
“Diagonal loading” (~spatial pre-whitening) of the covariance matrix is
typically mentioned in discussions about robust adaptive processing.
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Three-Component Array Processing
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Orthogonal Complement Null Steering
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First Eigenvector
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Second Eigenvector
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Third Eigenvector
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First Eigenvector (again)
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Eigenvectors 1+2
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Eigenvectors 1+2+3
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Eigenvectors 1+2+3+4
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Eigenvectors 1,2,3,4,5
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SPITS 2010-10-11 ~22:45 BTR
MU
seaz ~ 76.1
delta ~ 10.5
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SPITS 2009-11-11 ~04:15 BTR
MU
seaz ~ 113
delta ~ 10.6
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SPITS 2006-10-06 ~10:35 BTR
MU
seaz ~ 310
delta ~ 3.8
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Subspace Processing Procedure
Window data and FFT (fftw.org).
Compute covariance matrix (or correlation matrix for 1C case).
Compute eigenvalues and eigenvectors.
For the detection only case, compute just the principal component eigenvalue for
use as a detection statistic (netlib.org/lapack zhpevx() option).
Estimate the dimension of the signal subspace.
Project steering/mode vectors onto subspace(s) defined by the eigenvectors.
For the 1C case, several different estimates can be easily computed using the
basis defined by the eigenvectors (BF, BFss, MV, MU, EMV).
For the three-component case, use the orthogonal Z, NS, EW subspaces to compute a
3x3 polarization covariance matrix (no diagonal loading!).
Compute the eigenvalues and eigenvectors for the 3x3 polarization matrix.
For null-steering options like MU and EV, use 1/(minimum eigenvalue) and its
associated eigenvector.
For standard BF, use the maximum eigenvalue and its associated eigenvector.
For the three-component case, this analysis procedures entails a succession of PCA
followed by FA followed by PCA.
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Summary
Subspace based processing provides a convenient approach for
processing single-component and three-component array data.
Subspace based processing provides a framework that makes it easy
to compute both conventional (BF), and several different adaptive
and high-resolution estimates (MV, EMV, MUSIC).
The three-component array processing approach presented in this
briefing uses all 3N channels simultaneously. This approach is
preferable to approaches that treat three-component array data as
three separate single-component arrays (vertical, radial, and
transverse components).
The largest/principal eigenvalue of the sample covariance matrix
provides a simple and easily computed detection statistic for any
type of multi-channel data; 3C stations, 1C arrays (seismic or
infrasonic, covariance or correlation matrix), 3C arrays. L1 can also
be used to compute multi-channel spectrograms.
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Questions?
END
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3D Rotation of a P Wave
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3D Rotation of a P Wave
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3D Rotation of a P Wave
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