Transcript Slide 1
Emotion
Introduction
• What is Emotion?
• What is the purpose of emotion?
• Would you like to never feel sad
again? Why or why not?
• Will the ultimate lie detector test be
a blessing or a curse?
Introduction
• Emotion
– Physiological arousal
– Expressive behavior
– Conscious experience
• Common sense
theory
Theories of Emotions
Theories of Emotion
• James-Lange Theory of
Emotion.
• We feel emotion because of
biological changes caused by
stress.
• The body changes and our
mind recognizes the feeling.
Theories of Emotions
• James-Lange theory
Theories of Emotions
• James-Lange theory
Theories of Emotions
• James-Lange theory
Theories of Emotion
Cannon-Bard Theory
• Say James-Lange theory is
full of crap.
• How can that be true if similar
physiological changes
correspond with drastically
different emotional states.
• The physiological change
and cognitive awareness
must occur simultaneously.
• They believed it was the
thalamus that helped this
happen.
Theories of Emotions
• Cannon-Bard theory
Theories of Emotions
• Cannon-Bard theory
Theories of Emotions
Schachter-Singer Two Factor Theory
• Factor 1 = physical arousal
• Factor 2 = cognitive label for the arousal
• Emotional Experience Requires:
– Conscious interpretation of the arousal
Theories of Emotions
• Two-factor theory
–Schachter-Singer
Theories of Emotions
• Two-factor theory - Schachter-Singer
Theories of Emotions
• Two-factor theory - Schachter-Singer
Theories of Emotions
• Applying the Theories
– How would each of the theories explain the
emotion of fear in response to seeing a spider?
– Demo
Embodied Emotion
Emotions and the Autonomic
Nervous System
• Autonomic nervous system
– Fight or Flight (Physiological Response)
– Sympathetic nervous system
• arousing
– Parasympathetic nervous system
• Calming
Emotions and the Autonomic
Nervous System
Emotions and the Autonomic
Nervous System
Emotions and the Autonomic
Nervous System
Emotions and the Autonomic
Nervous System
• Opponent-Process Theory
– How would it explain people’s motivation to skydive?
Physiological Similarities
Among Specific Emotions
• Which emotions have similar physiological
bases?
• Different movie experiment
How can your experience on a roller coaster
demonstrate the similarities between emotions?
Physiological Differences Among
Specific Emotions
• Differences in brain activity
– Amygdala (Fear vs. Anger)
• S.M. – No Fear & Can’t See it
– Frontal lobes
• Negative = more activity in right
• Positive = more activity in left (dopamine
receptors)
– WWII Research (Spinal Cord Injuries)
• Paralyzed only in legs = no loss of emotion
• Paralyzed neck down = loss of intensity
Cognition and Emotion
Cognition Can Define Emotion
• Spill over effect
– Schachter-Singer experiment
– Examples?
• Basic Idea = Arousal fuels emotions,
cognition channels it
Cognition and Emotion
Cognition Does Not Always Precede Emotion
• Influence of the amygdala
– Low vs. High Road
– Fearful vs. Happy Eyes
• Subliminal Effects
– 4 letter word, face with drinks
– Voting like vs. similar views
– E Demo
Cognition and Emotion
Cognition Does Not Always Precede Emotion
Expressed Emotion
Detecting Emotions
– Nonverbal Cues
Detecting Emotion
• Nonverbal Cues – How did you use them in the previous activity?
• How else do we detect people’s emotions?
• Real vs. Fake Smiles – Can you tell the difference?
Gender, Emotion, and
Nonverbal Behavior
• Acceptable Behavior or not?
• In one minute, write a description of how
you feel today.
• Women’s Reactions to Films
• Which side (R/L) appears more masculine?
More feminine?
Culture and Emotional Expression
Can you correctly identify the emotions on these faces?
Does the knowledge that emotional expression is universal
change your attitude about people from other cultures and the
opposite gender? Why or why not?
Why is it important to study how and why emotions are expressed?
The Effects of Facial Expressions
• Emotional Contagion
– Unconscious motor mimicry – we imitate others
– Examples?
• Facial feedback – Facial exps. intensify emotions
– Smiling = less racial bias? / Botox = no Depression?
• Behavior feedback – how we act has similar effect
– Walking example
Microexpressions
Paul Ekman & Lie Detection
Paul Ekman & Lie Detection
Experienced Emotion
Basic Emotions
• Create a list of “basic” emotions
– List as many as you can, then try to narrow them down into
categories.
• Now check your list with someone else’s list near you.
– Are they similar? Do they have any different categories?
• Do your basic emotions match Carroll Izard’s?
– Joy, interest-excitement, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust,
contempt, fear, shame, guilt
• Now attempt to put your basic list into the chart
Fear
How
didfear?
you learn
fears?
• What do
you
List these
as many
as possible.
Do some
a purpose?
– Top
Fearsof
forthese
Men:fears–serve
Top Fear
for Women:
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Speaking in front of a Group
Being Physically Assaulted
Failing a Test
Not being a Success
Death
Surgical Operation
Suffocation
Looking Foolish
Making Mistakes
Feeling Disapproved of
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Speaking in front of a Group
Being Physically Assaulted
Failing a Test
Not being a Success
Death
Snakes
Surgical Operation
Suffocation
Looking Foolish
Large Open Spaces
Rejection
Fear
• Role of amygdala
–Helps us learn fears
Can you be literally scared to death?
Anger
Answer the questions after viewing the clip.
Anger
• Evoked by events – How?
– What makes you angry?
Why?
• Use facial and behavioral
feedback to argue against
catharsis.
Happiness
Happiness
Happiness
Happiness
Happiness
• Top Ten List
Feel-good, Do good phenomenon
Do you see this in your own life?
How could it work the opposite way?
3 Wishes
– Categorize them in to “material” and
“non-material”
– Which do you have more of?
•
– Material or non-material?
– Were your wishes changes to your
life situation or to you yourself?
• Happiest People You Know
– What were their responses?
– Did they offer insight into how you
could be happier?
• Share with someone around you
Happiness
The Short Life of Emotional Ups and Downs
• We overestimate the duration of our emotions
and underestimate our capacity to adapt.
Happiness
Wealth and Well-Being
Income
Level #1
Happiness
•
•
•
•
ABOVE what income would you consider a
After hearingfamily
each situation,
rate how happy
WELL OFF?
you think you would feel in one year on a
scale of 1-10.Income Level #2
BELOW what income would you consider a
Situation #1 = Ratings?
family POOR?
Situation #2 = Ratings?
Income Level #3
Research suggests that, after a year, people
Roughly estimate YOUR family’s income for
experiencing these 2 events would report
the past year.
little difference in life satisfaction.
How could this phenomenon help to explain
the information on this chart?
Happiness
Grade Distribution #1
Grade Distribution #2
A’s = 40%
A’s = 0%
– What
you consider a “good”
B’s =do
50%
B’s = grade?
10%
• Satisfaction
C+= in:
C’s = 10% Rating (1-7) with aC’s
40%
– Grade
Distribution
D’s
= 0%Distribution #1 vs. Grade D’s
= 30% #2
Lottery
Scenario
How– can
relative
deprivation alsoF’s
work
to make us
F’s
= 0%
= 20%
• How
wouldUse
you an
feel?
Why? to illustrate.
feel
better?
example
• Relative Deprivation
– Grade Inflation at Colleges & Universities
– “Keeping up with the Joneses”
Happiness
Predictors of Happiness
Stress and Health
Stress and Illness
• Stress
– Stress appraisal – Tough Math Test
• How do you react?
Stress and Illness
Daily Hassles
• Troubling thoughts about
Future
• Not Getting enough Sleep
• Wasting Time
• Inconsiderate Smokers
• Physical Appearance
• Too many things to do
• Misplacing or Losing Things
• Not Enough Time
• Concerns about Meeting
High Standards
• Being Lonely
Daily Uplifts
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•
•
•
•
•
•
Completing a Task
Relating Well with Friends
Giving a Present
Having Fun
Getting Love
Giving Love
Being Visited, Phoned, or
Texted
• Laughing
• Entertainment
• Music
Stress and Illness
The Stress Response System
• Selye’s General
Adaptation Syndrome
(GAS)
– Phase 1 = Alarm
– Phase 2 = Resistance
– Phase 3 = Exhaustion
Stress and Illness
General Adaptation Syndrome
Stress and Illness
General Adaptation Syndrome
Stress and Illness
General Adaptation Syndrome
Stress and Illness
General Adaptation Syndrome
Stress and Illness
Stress and Illness
Stress and Illness
Stress and Illness
Stressful Life Events
• Catastrophes
• Significant life changes
• Daily hassles
Stress and the Heart
• Type A versus Type B
– Type A
– Type B
Stress and the Heart
– ABC Video
The End
Definition
Slides
Emotion
= a response of the whole organism,
involving (1) physiological arousal, (2)
expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious
experience.
James-Lange Theory
= the theory that our experience of emotion
is our awareness of our physiological
responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.
Cannon-Bard Theory
= the theory that an emotion-arousing
stimulus simultaneously triggers (1)
physiological responses and (2) the
subjective experience of emotion.
Two-factor Theory
= the Schachter-Singer theory that to
experience emotion one must (1) be
physically aroused and (2) cognitively
label the arousal.
Polygraph
= a machine, commonly used in attempts to
detect lies, that measure several of the
physiological responses accompanying
emotion (such as perspiration and
cardiovascular and breathing changes).
Facial Feedback
= the effect of facial expressions on
experienced emotions, as when a facial
expression of anger or happiness
intensifies feelings of anger or happiness.
Catharsis
= emotional release. The catharsis
hypothesis maintains that “releasing’
aggressive energy (through action or
fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.
Feel-Good Do-Good
Phenomenon
= people’s tendency to be helpful when
already in a good mood.
Well-being
= self-perceived happiness or satisfaction
with life. Used along with measures of
objective well-being (for example, physical
and economic indicators) to evaluate
people’s quality of life.
Adaptation-level Phenomenon
= our tendency to form judgments (of
sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a
neutral level defined by our prior
experience.
Relative Deprivation
= the perception that we are worse off
relative to those with whom we compare
ourselves.
Behavioral Medicine
= an interdisciplinary field that integrates
behavior and medical knowledge and
applies that knowledge to health and
disease..
Health Psychology
= a subfield of psychology that provides
psychology's contribution to behavioral
medicine.
Stress
= the process by which we perceive and
respond to certain events, called
stressors, that we appraise as threatening
or challenging.
General Adaptation Syndrome
(GAS)
= Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive
response to stress in three phases –
alarm, resistance, exhaustion.
Coronary Heart Disease
= the clogging of the vessels that nourish the
heart muscle; the leading cause of death
in North America.
Type A
= Friedman and Rosenman’s term for
competitive, hard-driving, impatient,
verbally aggressive, and anger-prone
people.
Type B
= Friedman and Rosenman’s term for
easygoing, relaxed people.
Psychophysiological Illness
= literally, “mind-body” illness; any stressrelated physical illness, such as
hypertension and some headaches.
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
= the study of how psychological, neural,
and endocrine processes together affect
the immune system and resulting health.
Lymphocytes
= the two types of white blood cells that are
part of the body’s immune system; B
lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and
release antibodies that fight bacterial
infections; T lymphocytes form in the
thymus and other lymphatic tissue and
attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign
substances.