Transcript Effects of HIV/AIDS on Teacher Education

Effects of HIV/AIDS on
Teacher Education
Teacher Education in Developing Countries
Dwaine Lee
Nov. 26, 2003
Adults and children living with HIV/AIDS in
2002
Eastern Europe
Western Europe & Central Asia
1.2 million
570
000
East Asia & Pacific
980 000
North Africa
1.2 million
Caribbean
& Middle East South
Asia
440 000
550 000 & South-East
6 million
SubLatin America
Australia
Saharan
1.5
& New
Zealand
Africa
million
15 000
26.5
million
AIDS is
SSA = 10% of
responsible for
world’s
1 in 5 deaths in
population;
1/3 of those living with
Africa = #1
70% of AIDS
HIV/AIDS are aged
cause of death
deaths
15-24
Kelly,
2000
UNAIDS/WHO, 2002
UNAIDS, 2002
North America
Leading causes of death
in Africa, 2000
25.0
22.6
In 1998, 200,000 Africans died due
to conflict & war compared to 2.2
million to AIDS (Hunter & Williamson, 2000)
20.0
% of
Total
15.0
10.1 9.1
10.0
6.7
5.5
5.0
4.3
3.6
3.1
2.9
2.3
0.0
HIV/AIDS
Malaria
Lower
respiratory
infections
Perinatal
conditions
Diarrhoeal
disease
Source: The World Health Report 2001, WHO
Tuber
culosis
Measles
Cerebro
vascular
disease
Ischaemic
Heart
disease
Maternal
conditions
• Highest rates in 20-39 age group: most productive
members of society (including teachers)
• Low rate in 5-14 age group indicates “window of hope”
Worldwide Issue
• Beyond sub-Saharan Africa, more recent
epidemics continue to grow—
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
China,
Indonesia,
Papua New Guinea,
Viet Nam,
several Central Asian Republics,
the Baltic States, and
North Africa
• India is “the biggest concern in Asia” with
some districts reporting rates of 5% (Piot in NY Times,
2003).
The Impact of HIV/AIDS
• Demand: by affecting the number &
characteristics of the school-age population
• Supply: through the death & absenteeism of
teachers
• Quality: through interrupted schooling &
inadequate teacher training
Malaney, 2000, p. 5)
Effect on Demand
Age in years
Projected population structure with and
without the AIDS epidemic, Botswana, 2020
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Males
Females
Projected population
structure in 2020
Deficits due to AIDS
140 120 100 80 60 40 20
0
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Population (thousands)
Source: US Census Bureau, World Population Profile 2000
“International evidence indicates that orphans tend to
have lower enrollment rates than children with both
parents alive and their disadvantage can be
substantial…”
(Abt Associates, 2002, p. xiv).
Despite the affects of HIV/AIDS, most countries will have more
children in school in 2015 than today.
source: US Bureau of Census
Effect on Supply
Supply
• The Zambian Ministry of Education
reported that 2.2% of all teachers died in
1996.
• This was already more than the number of
teachers produced by colleges that year, but
it has been estimated that teacher death rates
might triple by 2005 (LoveLife, 2000).
Supply
• The World Bank projected that 14,460
Tanzanian teachers would die by 2010,
costing US$21 million in replacement
training (Save the Children UK, 2001a).
Supply
• Projections for South Africa suggest that
whereas teacher education production
capacity is now 5,000 annually, at least
30,000 new teachers will be required to be
trained each year by the end of the decade
(Crouch 2001b).
Supply
• Teachers are also being lost to other sectors
of government and to the private sector to
replace personnel lost to AIDS (Swaziland Ministry of
Education, 1999).
• Educator productivity is reported to be
down and absenteeism up because of AIDSrelated sickness, care for family members,
and attendance at funerals.
Number of primary school teachers in presence and absence of
HIV/AIDS in a western African country
35000
Projected number of
teachers in the
presence of an HIV
epidemic
30000
25000
20000
Absolute number of
teachers (data)
15000
10000
Projected number of
teachers in the absence
of an HIV epidemic
5000
0
1990
1995
2000
Dzingai Mutumbuka, World Bank
Year
2005
2010
2015
Cost of HIV/AIDS to the Ministry of Education
Cost item
Extra Teacher
training
Teacher
absenteeism
1990-2010 (million US $)
Zambia
Mozambique
5.4
10.8
16.2
43.3
Funerals
1.6
Total
23.2
Dzingai Mutumbuka, World Bank
54.1
Is EFA Attainable?
100
75
millions
Example: Sub-Saharan African
Even more dramatically
increased rate of expansion
1990: NER = 54%
44 million school age children in school
2000: NER = 57%
56 million school age children in school
Dramatically different rate of
expansion of access
2010: If NER stays at 57%
67 million school age children in school,
requiring growth of 11 million
50
2010: If NER increases to75%
88 million school age children in school,
requiring growth of 32 million
25
2015: To achieve NER of 100%
129 million school age children in
school, requiring growth of 73 million
0
1990
2000
2010
2015 2020
Source: UNESCO data
Questions to Consider for
Teacher Education
• Can enough teachers be recruited and trained?
• How can we keep teachers from leaving their posts for
other sectors/opportunities?
• Will there be adequate numbers of supervisors,
managers, planners, TTC staff?
• Is there adequate (any?) coverage for absent teachers?
• Is there a need for innovative supply models: distance
education, non-formal approaches (BRAC, Escuela
Nueva)
• What HIV/AIDS-related inputs need to be included in
the teacher training curriculum?
The End
Thank You