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Sexually
14
Transmitted Infections
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings .
What Are Sexually Transmitted Infections?
• • • • • • • • Infections passed to others through vaginal, oral, or anal sex Caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites STIs caused by bacteria or parasites can be treated: those caused by viruses remain for life Can cause infertility, pregnancy complications, cancer, and/or death Can be passed on even when no outward symptoms are present “Silent” diseases: early symptoms are often ignored and untreated One in four Americans will contract at least one STI in their lifetime Younger people are at highest risk Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings .
Common STIs in the U.S.
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Figure 14.1
HIV/AIDS
• • • • Caused by a virus that damages the immune system: no cure Acquiring the HIV virus leads to developing AIDS One million people in the U.S. and 40 million people worldwide are currently infected with HIV Anyone can get HIV/AIDS - not limited to any group
Stages of HIV Infection
: First (“silent”) stage • No physical symptoms Second Stage: Symptomatic Infection • Symptoms emerge including fatigue, fever, weight loss, swollen lymph nodes, and sore throat Third (final) Stage: AIDS • Includes symptoms from second phase plus pneumonia or certain types of cancer (Kaposi’s sarcoma) • Can include brain damage and tumors Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings .
Race/Ethnicity and HIV/AIDS
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Figure 14.2a
Race/Ethnicity and HIV/AIDS
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Figure 14.2b
Stages in the Development of AIDS
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Figure 14.3
How HIV is Transmitted
• • HIV must be able to enter the bloodstream Most common modes of transmission: • Vaginal or anal intercourse with no condom • • • Sharing needles via drug use, tattoos, piercing From mother to fetus Blood passage through membranes and/or cuts, punctures or open wounds, or blood transfusions HIV cannot be transmitted via: • Casual contact with HIV-infected individuals • Contact with inanimate objects • • Sports participation Saliva • • • Swimming pools, hot tubs or whirlpools Contact with animals Insect bites Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings .
HIV/AIDS Transmission Categories
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Figure 14.4
Hepatitis B (HBV)
• • • • • A virus that causes liver disease Transmitted by contact with infected blood, blood products, semen, vaginal secretions, and saliva Sharing personal items (razors, toothbrushes) with an infected person, intravenous drug use and handling human fluids increases risk Symptoms include jaundice, reduced appetite, nausea, vomiting, stomach and/or joint pain, and chronic fatigue Diagnosis and treatment: • Diagnosed by a blood test • No cure for HBV Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings .
Human Papillomaviris (Genital Warts)
• • • Most common cause of STI in the U.S, and the world Extremely high rates of infection in college students • • HPV increases the risk of uterine and cervical cancer • Symptoms: None or genital warts • • • Treatment: Cryosurgery, laser surgery, or excision of warts Most infections disappear without medical treatment HPV vaccine Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings .
Genital Warts
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Genital Herpes
• • • Caused by herpes simplex virus • Type I (HSV-1) • Infections above the waist (lips or mouth) • • Type II (HSV-2) Infections below the waist (genital lesions) • • Symptoms: Sores, fever, swollen glands Symptoms disappear and reappear without warning • Treatment: No cure for herpes virus Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings .
Herpes
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Chlamydia
• • • • Most common bacterial STI among heterosexual people worldwide 20% of all college students are infected Symptoms: • 7-21 days after infection: • unusual vaginal/penile discharge, burning while urinating, vaginal bleeding between periods • • Later symptoms: lower back and abdominal pain, pain during intercourse, low-grade fever, pain and swelling of the testicles Diagnosis and treatment: • Diagnosed by blood test or pap smear • Cured by antibiotics • Can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility if untreated Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings .
Chlamydia Rates in Women
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Figure 14.5
Gonorrhea
• • • • • Second most common bacterial STI Symptoms: • Milky discharge from penis and painful urination • Only 20% of women develop symptoms Diagnosis and treatment: • Diagnosed by tissue culture of vaginal/penile discharge • Cured with appropriate medication Also commonly known as “the clap” If untreated, may result in sterility Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings .
Syphilis
• • • Caused by bacterial infection Symptoms: • • • • • Four stages: Primary syphilis - chancre Secondary syphilis Latent syphilis – few symptoms Tertiary syphilis – skin rash, white patches – results in heart damage, blindness, deafness, paralysis and mental disorders Diagnosis and treatment: • • Diagnosed with a blood test Cured by antibiotics Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings .
Other Sexually Transmitted Infections
Trichomoniasis
• Symptoms: yellow-green discharge with strong odor, irritation, and/or burning sensation • •
Pubic Lice
(“crabs”) • Diagnosis: simple medical test Treatment: metronidazole Seen as brown spots on pubic hairs and surrounding skin • Eliminated by over-the-counter and prescription skin medications Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings .
Other Sexually Transmitted Infections, continued
Scabies
• • Tiny mite that infects the skin between the fingers, on the wrist, under the breast, and the pubic area Diagnosed by scraping the infected area and performed a microscopic test • Treated with topical medications
Candidiasis
• Fungal infection • • Can infect the vagina, mouth, and throat Treated with anti-fungal medications Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings .
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Reducing Your Risk for Sexually Transmitted Infections
Abstinence Limiting your number of sexual partners Using male latex condoms Using female condoms Discussing STIs with sexual partners Avoiding drugs and alcohol If you suspect exposure to STIs, contact your physician immediately for screening Other protective measures: • Inspect yourself and your partner for signs of STIs • Do not share needles, scissors, or razors • Do not handle towels, wet bedding, or underclothing that has been in contact with a person with an STI • Avoid using spermicides with nonoxynal-9 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings .