Transcript video slide - Biology @ IUPUI

Chapter 6
A Tour of the Cell
The MAIN Concept:
Structure = Function!!!
PowerPoint Lectures for
Biology, Seventh Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
PS. See the “Key Concepts” for CH 6
on p 94 of Campbell 7th ed
Lectures by Chris Romero
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Cell Theory
1662: Invention of the microscope; Robert Hooke; cork appeared as a "a great
many little boxes" (or "celles”)
1673: Anton van Leewenhook; pond water:
"Little eels, or worms, lying all huddled up together and
wriggily, and the whole water seemed to be alive with
these animalcules and cells fill'd with juices.”
1839 Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann,
brought 200 years of scattered observations
together into a simple, testable Cell Theory:
1.
2.
3.
The cell is the fundamental unit of life.
All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
All cells come from preexisting cells.
(Pasteur 1859 - Death of Spontaneous Generation
What defines a cell? A cell
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Figure 6.6 A prokaryotic cell:
The World’s First Cell! Fossils 3.6-3.8 BYA
___________: attachment structures
__________: area containing cell’s DNA:
One single circular chromosome
______________________ :
synthesize proteins
___________________:
encloses cytoplasm
_________________: rigid structure
outsideplasma membrane
____________: jelly-like outer coating
(a) A typical
rod-shaped bacterium
Flagella: ___________
(b) A thin section through the
bacterium Bacillus coagulans
(TEM)
Check out CELLS ALIVE!
Cells perform all of the 5 activities of life! They also
eat, swim,
reproduce,
beat,
protect your body, kill other cells, infect your body, etc...
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Inc. publishing
as Benjamin
Cummings
Figure 6.9 A ‘Typical’ Eukaryotic Cell
A hallmark of the eukaryotic cell: COMPARTMENTALIZATION - organelles!
Characteristic of Plant Cells:
•1. Cellulose cell wall
•2. Plastids
•3. Large central vacuole
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Benjamin Cummings
•4.as Plasmodesmata
Organelles
Figure 6.11 ___________: 2 subunits
(protein +rRNA) that function together to
make ______. Bound to rER, or free.
Figure 6.15 ___________. _________
organelle in plants, yeasts, protists.
Single membrane (tonoplast).
Figure 6.17 ___________________,
Site of __________________________
_________________ membrane-bound
Figure 6.18 ___________________,
Site of __________________________
_________________ membrane-bound
Figure 6.28 ___________________:
Made of _________________________
Plasmodesmata = ________________
Figure 6.19 ___________________
________________________________
Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) = fatal
peroxisomal disorder.
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Figure 6.10 The nucleus and its envelope
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Chromatin
1 µm
Nucleus
Nuclear envelope:
Inner
Outer
Nuclear
pore
Pore
complex
Surface of nuclear envelope.
.
Ribosome
1 µm
0.25 µm
Close-up of nuclear
envelope
Pore complexes (TEM).
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Nuclear lamina (TEM) inside the nuclear envelope.
Figure 6.16 Overview: The endomembrane system
1 Nuclear envelope is
connected to rough ER,
which is also continuous
with smooth ER
Nucleus
Rough
ERER
Rough
2
Transport vesicles
(proteins + membranes
from the ER) flow
to the cis face of the Golgi
Golgi pinches off transport
3
vesicles, sorts to
3
Vacuoles,
Lysosomes, and
4
Plasma membranes
5
2
Smooth ER
2
cis Golgi
cis Golgi
3
5
3
4
4
trans Golgi
trans Golgi
5
Plasma
membrane
6 Plasma membrane expands
by fusion of vesicles; proteins
Can be secreted from cell
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Figure 6.12 Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Function of the rER:
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Nuclear
envelope
ER lumen
Cisternae
Ribosomes
Transport vesicle
Smooth ER
Function of the sER:
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Rough ER
200 µm
‘Rough’ appearance due
ribosomes in the process
of threading new proteins
Into the ER lumen.
Figure 6.13 The Golgi: Sorting and shipping
Function of the Golgi:
1 Vesicles move 2
Vesicles coalesce
6 Vesicles
from ER to Golgi
transport certain
proteins back to ER
3 Cisternal
maturation:
Contents move
cis-to-trans
cis face
(“receiving” side of
Golgi apparatus)
0.1 0 µm
Cisternae
(channels)
4
Vesicles carry
proteins to final location
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trans face
(“shipping” side of
Golgi apparatus)
TEM of Golgi apparatus
Figure 6.14 Lysosomes
1 µm
Nucleus
Function of Lysosomes:
Lysosome digesting
two damaged organelles
Mitochondrion
fragment
Peroxisome
fragment
Lysosome
Lysosome with
potent hydrolytic
enzymes…
1µm
…fuses with
food vacuole…
…digesting
food particles
Lysosome fuses with
damaged organelle…
…digesting organelle
components
Lysosome
Lysosome
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
Digestion
Food vacuole
(a) Phagocytosis: lysosome digesting food
Let’s watch the movie!
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Digestion
Vesicle containing
damaged mitochondrion
(b) Autophagy: lysosome digesting damaged organelle
(Tay-sachs is a Lysosomal storage disease)
Figure 6.20 and Table 6.1 The cytoskeleton
Just under the plasma membrane - All function to maintain cell shape
and regulate organelle movement
(1) Microtubules: Hollow tubes, made of _______________. Important roles in
cell division (centriole), cell
motility (beating of flagella
and cilia), ‘crawling’ of
organelles and vesicles.
(2) Microfilaments:
Intertwined strands of _________
Important roles in muscle
contraction, cell division
(cleavage furrow), amoeboid
movement (pseudopods)
(3) Intermediate filaments:
Supercoiled cables of
_________________________.
Form nuclear lamina,
(1) Microtubule
anchor nucleus.
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Plasma
membrane
(3) Intermediate
filament
(2) Microfilament
Figure 6.7 Geometric relationships between
surface area and volume
Why are cells so small?
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Objectives for Ch 6: A Tour of The Cell
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Explain the Cell Theory and its three main parts
Compare and contrast the general characteristics of prokaryotic cells with
eukaryotic cells.
Describe the structure and functions of the nucleus and its components.
Endomembrane system - structure and function:
•
Distinguish between smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum sER,
rER) in terms of both structure and function.
•
Trace the path of proteins synthesized in the rER as they are
subsequently processed, modified, and sorted by the Golgi complex and
then transported to specific destinations.
Describe the structure and functions of lysosomes, peroxisomes, and
vacuoles.
Compare the general functions and structure of mitochondria and
chloroplasts
Describe the structure and functions of the cytoskeleton, including
microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
Describe the relationship between surface area and volume, and solve
simple problems on surface-to-volume ratio.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings