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Chapter 15: Nervous System and Behavioral Health
MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
Chapter 15 Abbreviations
CNS
central nervous system
ADD
attention deficit disorder
ADHD
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
CP
cerebral palsy
CVA
cerebrovascular accident
HA
headache
LOC
loss of consciousness
MS
multiple sclerosis
TIA
transient ischemic attack (little strokes)
Chapter 15 Abbreviations
CSF
ICP
CT
EEG
LP
MRI
A&O
PERL
BA
ETOH
cerebrospinal fluid
intracranial pressure
computerized tomography
electroencephalogram
lumbar puncture
magnetic resonance imaging
alert and oriented
pupils equal and react to light
blood alcohol (drinking alcohol)
ethyl alcohol (drinking alcohol)
The Nervous System
Consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves and
may be divided into two parts: CNS (brain & spinal
cord) & PNS (all other nerves)
Function
Forms a complex communication system allowing for
the coordination of body functions and activities
Also designed to detect changes inside and outside
the body, to evaluate this sensory info., and to send
directions to muscles or glands in response
Mental activities such as thought, memory, and
emotions
The Nervous System
The Nervous System
Organs of the CNS
Brain
contained within the cranium, the center for
coordinating body activities
cerebrum: largest portion of the brain, divided into left
and right hemispheres. Controls the skeletal muscles,
interprets general senses (such as temp., pain, and
touch), and contains centers for sight and hearing.
Intellect, memory, and emotional reactions also take
place in the cerebrum
ventricles: spaces within the brain that contain a fluid
called cerebrospinal fluid, which flows through the
subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord
The Nervous System
cerebellum: located under the posterior portion of the
cerebrum. Assist in the coordination of skeletal muscles
and to maintain balance (hindbrain)
brainstem
stemlike portion of the brain that connects with the
spinal cord. 10 of 12 cranial nerves originate here
pons: literally means bridge. Connects the cerebrum
with the cerebellum and brainstem
medulla oblongata: located between the pons and spinal
cord. It contains centers that control respiration, heart
rate, and the muscles in the blood vessel walls, which
assist in determining blood pressure
midbrain: most superior portion of the brainstem
The Nervous System
cerebrospinal fluid
clear, colorless fluid contained in the ventricles. It
cushions the brain and spinal cord from shock, transports
nutrients, and clears metabolic waste
spinal cord
passes through the vertebral canal extending from the
medulla oblongata to the level of the second lumbar
vertebra. Conducts nerve impulses to and from the brain
and initiates reflex action to sensory information without
input from the brain
meninges: three layers of membrane that cover the brain
and spinal cord (dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater)
The Nervous System
dura mater: tough outer layer of the meninges
arachnoid: delicate middle layer of the meninges.
Loosely attached to the pia mater by weblike fibers,
which allow for the subarachnoid space
pia mater: thin inner layer of the meninges
The Nervous System
Organs of the PNS
nerve
cordlike structure made up of fibers that carries impulses
from one part of the body to another. 12 pairs of cranial
nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves
ganglion (pl. ganglia): group of nerve cell bodies located
outside the CNS
glia: specialized cells that support and nourish nervous
tissue. Some cells assist in the secretion of cerebrospinal
fluid and others assist with phagocytosis. They do not
conduct impulses. Three types are astroglia,
oligodendroglia, and microglia (also called neuroglia)
The Nervous System
neuron: a nerve cell that conducts nerve impulses to
carry out the function of the nervous system.
Destroyed neurons cannot be replaced.
Word Parts for the
Nervous System
Combining Form
Definition
cerebell/o
cerebellum – balance and
cerebr/o
dur/o
encephal/o
gangli/o,
ganglion/o
mening/o,
meningi/o
coordination portion of brain
cerebrum – thinking part of brain
dura mater, outermost meninge
brain
ganglion (collection of nerve endings
outside CNS)
meninges – 3 layers around brain and
spinal cord (dura, pia, arachnoid)
Word Parts for the
Nervous System
Combining Form
Definition
myel/o
spinal cord
neur/o
nerve
radic/o,
nerve root (anterior and posterior fibers
radicul/o,
rhiz/o
from spinal cord that comprise spinal
nerve)
Word Parts commonly used with
Nervous System
Combining Form
Definition
esthesi/o
sensation, feeling
ment/o, psych/o
mind
mon/o
one, single
phas/o
speech
quadr/i
four
Word Parts for the
Nervous System
Suffix
Definition
-iatrist
specialist, physician
-iatry
specialty, study of or field of
-ictal
seizure, attack
-paresis
slight paralysis
Med Terms (from word parts)
[Disease & Disorders]
Term
cerebellitis
cerebral thrombosis
duritis
encephalitis
encephalomalacia
encephalomyeloradiculitis
gangliitis
meningioma
meningitis
meningocele
Definition
Med Terms (from word parts)
[Disease & Disorders]
Term
meningomyelocele
mononeuropathy
neuralgia
neurasthenia
neuritis
neuroarthropathy
neuroma
neuropathy
polyneuritis
polyneuropathy
Definition
Med Terms (from word parts)
[Disease & Disorders]
Term
radiculitis
radiculopathy
rhizomeningomyelitis
subdural hematoma
Definition
Med Terms (not from word parts)
[Disease & Disorders]
Term
Definition
cerebral
aneurysm in the cerebrum
aneurysm
cerebral
embolism
an embolus lodges in a cerebral artery,
dementia
causing sudden blockage of blood supply to
the brain tissue. A common cause of
cerebral embolism, a type of ischemic
stroke, is atrial fibrillation
cognitive impairment characterized by a loss
of intellectual brain function. Patients have
difficulty in various ways, including difficulty
in performing complex tasks, reasoning,
learning and retaining new information,
orientation, word finding, and behavior
Med Terms (not from word parts)
[Disease & Disorders]
Term
epilepsy
Definition
condition characterized by recurrent seizures; a
general term given to a group of neurologic
disorders, all characterized by abnormal
electrical activity in the brain
hydrocephalus increased amount of cerebrospinal fluid in the
ventricles of the brain, which can cause
enlargement of the cranium in infants
sciatica
inflammation of the sciatic nerve, causing pain
that travels from the thigh through the leg to
the foot and toes; can be caused by injury,
infection, arthritis, herniated disk, or from
prolonged pressure on the nerve from sitting for
long periods
Med Terms (not from word parts)
[Disease & Disorders]
Term
stroke
Definition
occurs when there is an interruption of blood
supply to a region of the brain, depriving nerve
cells in the affected area of oxygen and nutrients.
The cells cannot perform and may be damaged
or die within minutes. The parts of the body
controlled by the involved cells will experience
dysfunction
Speech, movement, memory, and other CNS functions
may be affected in varying degrees.
Ischemic stroke is a result of a blocked blood vessel,
Hemorrhagic stroke is a result of bleeding. (also called
cerebrovascular accident [CVA], or brain attack)
Med Terms (not from word parts)
[Disease & Disorders]
Term
transient
ischemic
attack (TIA)
Definition
sudden deficient supply of blood to the
brain lasting a short time.
Symptoms may be similar to those of stroke,
but with TIA the symptoms are temporary and
the usual outcome is complete recovery. TIAs
are often warning signs for eventual
occurrence of a stroke
Med Terms (from word parts)
[Surgical Terms]
Term
ganglionectomy
neurectomy
neurolysis
neuroplasty
neurorrhaphy
neurotomy
radicotomy
rhizotomy
Definition
Med Terms (from word parts)
[Diagnostic Terms]
Term
DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING
cerebral angiography
NEURODIAGNOSTIC
PROCEDURES
electroencephalogram (EEG)
electroencephalograph
electroencephalography
Definition
Med Terms (not from word parts)
[Diagnostic Terms]
Term
computed
tomography of
the brain
(CT scan)
Definition
process that includes the use of a
computer to produce a series of brain
tissue images at any desired depth.
Procedure is painless and particularly useful
in diagnosing brain tumors
Med Terms (not from word parts)
[Diagnostic Imaging]
Term
Definition
magnectic
a noninvasive technique that produces
resonance
imaging of
the brain or
spine (MRI
scan)
sectional images of soft tissues of the
brain or spine through a strong magnetic
field. Unlike a CT scan, MRI produces
images w/o use of radiation
Used to visualize tumors, edema, multiple
sclerosis, and herniated disks
Med Terms (not from word parts)
[Diagnostic Terms]
Term
Definition
positron
nuclear medicine imaging techniqe with
emission
tomography
of the brain
(PET scan)
a radioactive substance that produces
sectional imaging of the brain to examine
blood flow and metabolic activity.
images are projected on a viewing screen
Med Terms (not from word parts)
[Diagnostic Imaging]
Term
Definition
lumbar
insertion of a needle into the
puncture
(LP)
subarachnoid space usually between the
third and fourth lumbar vertebrae.
It is performed for many reasons, including the
removal of cerebrospinal fluid for diagnostic
purposes (also called spinal tap)
Med Terms (from word parts)
[Complementary Terms]
Term
anesthesia
aphasia
cephalalgia
cerebral
craniocerebral
dysphasia
encephalosclerosis
hemiparesis
hemiplegia
hyperesthesia
Definition
Med Terms (from word parts)
[Complementary Terms]
Term
interictal
intracerebral
mental
monoparesis
monoplegia
myelomalacia
neuroid
neurologist
neurology
panplegia
Definition
Med Terms (from word parts)
[Complementary Terms]
Term
paresthesia
postictal
preictal
quadriplegia
subdural
Definition
Med Terms (not from word parts)
[Complementary Terms]
Term
afferent
Definition
conveying toward a center (i.e. afferent nerves
carry impulses to the central nervous system)
ataxia
cognitive
lack of muscle coordination
pert. to the mental processes of
comprehension, judgment, memory, and
reason
coma
concussion
state of profound unconsciousness
injury to the brain caused by major or minor
head trauma; symptoms include vertigo,
headache, and possible loss of consciousness
Med Terms (not from word parts)
[Complementary Terms]
Term
Definition
conscious
awake, alert, aware of one’s surroundings
convulsion
sudden, involuntary contraction of a group
of muscles; may be present during a
seizure
a state of mental confusion as to time,
disorientation
place, or identity
conveying away from the center (i.e.
efferent
efferent nerves carry information away
from the central nervous system)
gait
a manner or style of walking
Med Terms (not from word parts)
[Complementary Terms]
Term
Definition
incoherent
unable to express one’s thought or ideas
paraplegia
seizure
shunt
in an orderly, intelligible manner
paralysis from the waist down caused by
damage to the lower level of the spinal
cord
sudden surge of abnormal electrical
activity in the brain, resulting in
involuntary body movements or
behaviors
tube implanted in the body to redirect the
flow of a fluid
Med Terms (not from word parts)
[Complementary Terms]
Term
syncope
Definition
fainting or sudden loss of
consciousness caused by lack of blood
supply to the cerebrum
unconsciousness state of being unaware of surrounding
and incapable of responding to stimuli
as a result of injury, shock, illness, or
drugs
Med Terms (from word parts)
[Behavioral Health]
Term
psychiatrist
psychiatry
psychogenic
psychologist
psychology
psychopathy
psychosis (pl. psychoses)
psychosomatic
Definition
Med Terms (not from word parts)
[Behavioral Health]
DELETED TERMS
anorexia nervosa
obsessive-compulsive
anxiety disorder
attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD)
autism
bipolar disorder
bulimia nervosa
major depression
disorder (OCD)
panic attack
phobia
pica
posttraumatic stress
disorder (PTSD)
schizophrenia
somatoform disorders
Neurological Assessment
1. A + O x 3 = alert and oriented times three (person
place and time)
[alert – what does the patient respond to? –
voice, touch, pain]
2. PERL – pupils equal and reactive to light
3. Mentation – ability to think
4. Reflexes
LOC = level of consciousness or loss of consciousness