Transcript Slide 1

UNIVERSITY FOR DEVELOPMENT
STUDIES, TAMALE
7/16/2015
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BY
I. K. ANTWI, FGLA
UNIVERSITY LIBRARIAN
UNIVERSITY FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES, TAMALE
E-mail: [email protected]
Paper Presented at GRASSAG Forum
ICT Conference Centre
University for Development Studies, Tamale
September 2, 2011
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Scholarly communication is a process of knowledge delivery
practiced by members of the academic community. A vital part of
this process is the broadest possible sharing of academic
publications among scholars and students.
According to the American Library Association (ALA), scholarly
communication is the system through which research and other
scholarly writings are created, evaluated for quality, disseminated to
the scholarly community, and preserved for future use.
According to Wikipedia (2010) Scholarly communication is the
creation, transformation, dissemination and preservation of
knowledge related to teaching, research and scholarly endeavours.
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METHODS OF DISSEMINATING
SCHOLARLY COMMUNICATION
 The most common method of Scholarly Communication
is by writing up the findings of research into an article to be published in a
scholarly journal
 Other methods
 Seminar E.g. Departmental, Faculty, Inter Faculty seminars
 Conferences E.g. Professional associations, Universities
 Reports
 Serials
 Books (by a single author or by several authors)
 Web Publishing
 Multi Media formats such as sound and video recordings
(Particularly in the Arts and Humanities)
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Cont’d
• Bibliographies, indexes and other reference works
• Synoptic Journals (containing summaries longer than
•
•
•
•
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abstracts
Reviews and review articles (reviewing new
publications or trends in the literature)
Institutional publications (annual reports, books,
research papers)
Government publications
Technical bulletins
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SELECTING A JOURNAL
Write for a Journal
Don’t look for a Journal
Regular Journal
Timeliness
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SELECTING … CONT’D
 One of the most important determinants of a manuscript
being published is sending it to the appropriate journal
 Some journals may publish long (20-25 pages) articles
 Others publish shorter papers
 There are journals that will permit many illustrations (such
as maps, tables). Others will not
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CHOOSING A JOURNAL
 The first question to ask yourself is what type of audience
you want to reach.
 It is important to make an initial decision about whether
you want to publish in a general, inter-disciplinary or
specialty journal.
 You also need to decide whether you want to publish in a
relatively new journal or in a well-established journal and a
journal that comes out weekly, monthly or quarterly.
 Finally, you need to have a good idea about whether your
results will be more relevant to an international or local
audience.
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CHOOSING …CONT’D
 The journal that you choose will have
important implications for the time that it takes
for your paper :
• To be published;
• The impact that it will have; and
• The prestige that it will bring back to you
[The visibility factor]
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CHOOSING..CONT’D
 New Journals
•May be more likely to accept papers
•Often have low impact factors
•May have limited circulation
•May not reach a wide audience
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CHOOSING..CONT’D
• One thing is certain – you will never get published in a prestigious
journal if you never submit your work there.
[Peat, Baur and Keena, 2002]
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PEER REVIEW
• A key element of the process is ensuring the research
meets a level of quality and is of scholarly merit.
• This is normally done through a process called peer
review, where other researchers in the same discipline
review the research write up and decide if it is of
sufficient quality.


Peer review (also known as refereeing) is the process of
subjecting an author's scholarly work, research, or ideas to
the scrutiny of others who are experts in the same field.
Peer review requires a community of experts in a given (and
often narrowly defined) field, who are qualified and able to
perform impartial review.
MENTORING
 Definition
Mentoring is defined as a developmental relationship
that involves organisational members of unequal status
or, less frequently, peers (Bosionelos, 2004 in Bozeman
& Feeney, 2007).
Mentoring is an intense long-term relationship between
a senior, more experienced individual (the mentor) and
a more junior, less experienced individual (the
protégé)(Scandura, & Pellegrini, (2007).
The mentor is usually a senior, experienced employee
who serves as a role model, provides support, direction,
and feedback to the younger employee regarding career
plans and interpersonal development, and increases the
visibility of the protégé to decision-makers in the
organisation
who
may
influence
career
opportunities(Noe, 1988).
 Internal
 External
 Networking
WHAT IS ETHICS?
The term ethics is often synonymous with morals.
Therefore, ethics refers to the study of morals.
According to Burns & Bush (1998: 38), ethics
determines which behaviors are deemed
appropriate under certain circumstances as
prescribed by codes of behaviour that are set by
society.
Ethics is simply defined as norms for conduct that
distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable
behaviour.
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RESEARCH MISCONDUCT
• Research misconduct is taken to mean all practices that seriously
deviate from those that are commonly accepted within the academic
community for proposing, conducting or reporting research.
• Generally misconduct of research includes:
1.
The fabrication or falsification of data
2.
Plagiarism or the presentation of documented words of
another as one’s own, without attribution, appropriate for the
presentation and without duly acknowledging the source.
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Research..CONT’D
3.
Intentionally omitting references to the relevant published work
of others for the purpose of inferring personal discovery of new
information.
4.
Misleading ascription of authorship to a publication
including the listing of authors without their permission.
5.
Attributing works of others who have not contributed to the
research.
6.
The lack of appropriate acknowledgement of the work
primarily produced by a research student, trainee or
associate
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Research..CONT’D
7.
Interfering with any research property of another person,
including without limitation, the apparatus, reagents,
biological material, writing, data, hardware, software, or any
other substance or device used or produced in the conduct of
research.
8.
Misrepresentation as in stating or presenting a material of
significant falsehood.
9.
Misrepresentation as in omitting a fact so that what is stated
or presented as whole, states or presents a material of
significant falsehood.
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Research..CONT’D
10.
Deliberate inclusion of inaccurate or misleading information
relating to research activity in curriculum vitae, grants
applications, job applications or public statements, or failure to
provide relevant information.
11.
Presenting and seeking to publish the same manuscript in two
or more different journals.
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PLAGIARISM
 “Taking over the ideas, methods, or written words of
another, without acknowledgment and with the
intention that they be taken as the work of the
deceiver." American Association of University
Professors, (Sept./Oct., 1989).
 “Plagiarism is the appropriation of another person’s
ideas, processes, results, or words without giving
appropriate credit, including those obtained through
confidential review of others’ research proposals and
manuscripts.” (Office of Science and Technology
Policy, 1999).
Plagiarism of Text
 “ Copying a portion of text from another source
without giving credit to its author and without
enclosing the borrowed text in quotation marks”(Roig,
2011)
 Unethical to lift the work of another person verbatim without
permission and claiming a right to the work; this is Plagiarism.
 Conform to the fair use principle
 Experts and colleagues will use your work
LIST OF GUIDELINES ON ETHICS AND PLAGIARISM
1.
An ethical writer ALWAYS acknowledges the contributions of
others and the source of
his/her ideas.
2. Any verbatim text taken from another author must be enclosed in
quotation marks.
3. We must always acknowledge every source that we use in our
writing; whether we
paraphrase it, summarize it, or enclose it quotations.
4. When paraphrasing and/or summarizing others’ work we must
reproduce the exact meaning of the other author’s ideas or facts
using our words and sentence structure.
5.
When in doubt as to whether a concept or fact is common knowledge,
provide a citation.
6.
Authors who submit a manuscript for publication containing data,
reviews,conclusions, etc., that have already been disseminated in
some significant manner (e.g.,published as an article in another
journal, presented at a conference, posted on the internet) must
clearly indicate to the editors and readers the nature of the previous
dissemination
Self Plagiarism
7.
8. Authors are strongly urged to double-check their citations. Specifically,
authors should always ensure that each reference notation appearing in
the body of the manuscript corresponds to the correct citation listed in
the reference section and that each source listed in the reference
section has been cited at some point in the manuscript.
9. Only those individuals who have made substantive contributions to a
project merit authorship in a paper.
10. Academic or professional ghost authorship in the sciences is ethically
unacceptable.
MAJOR REASONS FOR
REJECTION
 Does not contribute anything new to knowledge
 Containing unreliable data
 Not providing the profile and background of the
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


respondents used for the study
Methodology was scanty
Data collected from biased samples
Containing data that were not appropriate to the study
Study not having focus
Covering many topics without providing a focus
 Not making use of data e.g. not making references to the
variables.
 Not being specific. E.g. Using expressions such: Most,
Majority, Few.
•
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Rejection..CONT’D
 Manuscripts not well edited.
 Correct paragraphing
 Correct sentencing
 Correct headings and sub headings
 Correct grammar
 REMEDIES
• Patience
• Assistance
Mentors
― Colleagues
― Language experts
― Proof Reading
―
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 WHICH ARTICLE SHOULD
YOU WRITE?
• There are two possible articles you can write: (a) the
article you planned to write when you designed your
study or
• (b) the article that makes the most sense now that you
have seen the results.
• They are rarely the same, and the correct answer is (b).
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 HOW SHOULD YOU
WRITE?
• The primary criteria for good scientific writing are accuracy and
clarity. If your article is interesting and written with style, fine. But
these are subsidiary virtues. First strive for accuracy and clarity.
• The first step toward clarity is good organization, and the
standardized format of a journal article does much of the work for
you.
• It not only permits readers to read the report from beginning to
end, as they would any coherent narrative, but also to scan it for a
quick overview of the study or to locate specific information easily
by turning directly to the relevant section.
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AUTHOR RESPONSIBILITIES
 To submit only proof read, original, non fraudulent







work
To submit one journal at one time
To list all references used (No plagiarism)
To have followed ethical research practices
To respond to comments/criticism positively
Timeliness
To acknowledge all sources of funding
To comply with submission regulations
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COMMON KNOWLEDGE

Familiar sayings

Well-known quotations

These do not require documentation

Common knowledge is decided by experts in a given
discipline

Facts that can easily be verified in a readily available
reference work should not be documented

Any time you use any source extensively, you should cite it
in a way that shows clearly just how you used it
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FUNCTIONS OF DOCUMENTATION
 Giving Fair Credit
 Acknowledging Borrowing
 Indebtedness to Sources Used
 A book or an article is the intellectual property of persons
who wrote and published it
 To fail to give credit where is due is PLAGIARISM
 Enables Readers to retrace your steps
 Helps your Reader Know the Territory
• Sometimes welcomes a newcomer to a field of research
 Helps Your Reader See How You Have Used Your Sources
 Relying on single sources
 Relying on multiple sources
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POSTSCRIPT
 ADVICE TO PROSPECTIVE AUTHORS
o State the problem and rationale clearly.
o Cite current and appropriate literature.
o Use the best methodology and use it correctly.
o Tie the paper into some conceptual schema.
o Analyze the problem correctly and accurately.
o Write clearly and jargon-free.
o Organize the paper well.
o Never submit duplicate manuscripts simultaneously to any journals.
o Avoid plagiarism at all costs.
o Learn from mistakes [Brunn, 1988]
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CONCLUSION
There are eight main features of academic writing that are
often discussed. Academic writing is to some extent:
complex, formal, objective, explicit, hedged, and
responsible. It uses language precisely and accurately.
Complexity
Written language is relatively more complex than spoken
language. It has a more varied vocabulary.
Formality
Academic writing is relatively formal. In general this means that
in an essay you should avoid colloquial words and expressions.
CONCLUSION CONT’D
Precision
In academic writing, facts and figures are given precisely.
Objectivity
Written language is in general objective rather than
personal. It therefore has fewer words that refer to the
writer or the reader. This means that the main emphasis
should be on the information that you want to give and
the arguments you want to make, rather than you.
Conclusion. CONT’D
Explicitness
Academic writing is explicit about the relationships in
the text. It is the responsibility of the writer in English to
make it clear to the reader how the various parts of the
text are related.
Accuracy
Academic writing uses vocabulary accurately.
CONCLUSION…CONT’D
Hedging
In any kind of academic writing you do, it is necessary to
make decisions about your stance on a particular subject,
or the strength of the claims you are making.
Different subjects prefer to do this in different ways.
Responsibility
In academic writing you must be responsible for, and must be
able to provide evidence and justification for, any claims you
make.
You are also responsible for demonstrating an understanding
of any source texts you use.
(http:www.uefap.com/writing/feature/featfram.htm) Accessed on
September 1,2011)