Transcript Document
Seküler Bilim Tanrıları ve Seküler Eğitim
Alternatif Paradigma Arayışı
N E C AT I AY D I N , P H . D . A S S O C I A T E P R O F E S S O R O F E C O N O M I C S K I N G S A U D U N I V E R S I T Y C O L L E G E O F B U S I N E S S A D M I N I S T R A T I O N E C O N O M I C S D E P A R T M E N T E M A I L : d r . n e c a t i a y d i n @ g m a i l . c o m
Zihin Egzersizi
İkinci defa dünyaya gelme imkanı verilse Ne olmak isterdiniz?
Mutsuz bir insan mı?
Mutlu bir tavşan mı?
İkinci defa dünyaya gelme imkanı verilse Ne olmak isterdiniz?
Milyarder, ancak hayatının 40’ında intihar eden biri?
Ne zengin ne fakir ancak 80 sene yaşayan biri?
Tecrübe Makinası
Imagine that in the future, scientists and engineers develop an ‘experience machine’. People can program into the machine whatever experiences they want to undergo, and hook themselves up to this machine such that once inside, the experiences are indistinguishable from reality. Subjects can choose to live out their entire lives in the machine, experiencing whatever joys and achievements their hearts desire just like it were really happening. Assuming that the machine is without flaws,
Her türlü lezzeti tecrübe edebileceğiniz bu makineye bağlanmak ister miydiniz?
Deveden inip trene binmek...
Holly (Kabah)
Seküler Teslis
Bilim ve teknoloji de ilerleme İnsaniyet ve huzurda gerileme (dehumanization veya animalization) Hıristiyan teslis (baba-oğul-kutsal ruh) Seküler teslis (Tabiat ana, esbab oğul, tesadüf kutsal ruh) Hakikat ve hikmeti kaybeden bilim Hurafe ve paganizme giden bilim Avrupa, Hıristiyan Klübü değil, Ateist Klüp
Sunumun Ana Çerçevesi
• • • • Bilim ve teknoloji gelişimine tarihsel bir bakış İlerlerken gerilemek Alternatif paradigma arayışı ve Tevhid Seküler eğitim ve seküler bilim
Historical Overview
The Golden Age of Muslims
Between the eighth and the 13th centuries, while Europe stumbled through the dark ages, science thrived in Muslim lands. The Abbasid caliphs showered money on learning. The 11th century “Canon of Medicine” by Avicenna was a standard medical text in Europe for hundreds of years.
In the ninth century Muhammad al-Khwarizmi laid down the principles of algebra, a word derived from the name of his book, “Kitab al-Jabr”. • Al-Hasan Ibn al-Haytham transformed the study of light and optics. • Abu Raihan al-Biruni, a Persian, calculated the earth ’s circumference to within 1%. • And Muslim scholars did much to preserve the intellectual heritage of ancient Greece; centuries later it helped spark Europe ’s scientific revolution.
• Arabic was the language of science for 700 years.
Education Centers in the Muslim World
Baytul Hikmah library (Damascus during the Umayyads era) Darrul Hikmah (Baghdad during Abbasid era) Nizamiyya madrasas (several cities, during Seljuks era) Knowledge center in Cordoba/Al Andulus in the 11 th century (libraries with more books than the rest of Europe)
The Dark Ages and Enlightenment
Dark Ages of The West The Sun rises from the East: The Golden Age of Islam The Sunset in the East and the Sunrise in the West The discovery of Muslim Spain (Al-Andalus )… Oxford and Cambridge The Enlightenment, industrial revolution, and Western dominance Oxford University
The West and The Rest in last 500 years
Source: Acemoglu, D. & J. Robinson (2012),
Why Nations Fail
:
The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty,
Crown Business
Source: Acemoglu, D. & J. Robinson (2012),
Why Nations Fail
:
The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty,
Crown Business
Institutions, Success and Failure
It is
institutions
that determine the fate of nations. Success comes, the authors say, when political and economic institutions are
"inclusive"
and pluralistic, creating incentives for everyone to invest in the future. Nations fail when institutions are
"extractive,"
else.
protecting the political and economic power of only a small elite that takes income from everyone
The West and Rest
According to Harvard historian Niall Ferguson the rise of the West over the Rest could be attributed to the six factors:
Competition Science The rule of law Consumerism Modern medicine The work ethic
He calls them the
"killer applications"
that allowed the West to leap ahead of the Rest, opening global trade routes, exploiting newly discovered scientific laws, evolving a system of representative government, more than doubling life expectancy, unleashing the Industrial Revolution, and embracing a dynamic work ethic.
Niall Ferguson (2011): Civilization: The West and the Rest, The Penguin Press, First Edition
.
Educational institutions (Tools to unearth treasures) Three Pillars of Western Power Political and legal institutions (Safety net) Treasure of minds Economic institutions / Free Market System (Reward system)
The Muslim World NOW
In 2005 Harvard University produced more scientific papers than 17 Arabic-speaking countries combined. The world’s 1.6 billion Muslims have produced only two Nobel laureates in chemistry and physics. Both moved to the West. By contrast Jews, outnumbered 100 to one by Muslims, have won 79. The 57 countries in the Organization of the Islamic Conference spend a puny 0.81% of GDP on research and development, about a third of the world average. America , which has the world’s biggest science budget, spends 2.9%; Israel lavishes 4.4%.
Progress vs. Regress
Economic Progress vs. Human Regress
Technological and economic progress Human regress or dehumanization Seneca’s opening words in De Vita Beata:
“To live happily, my brother Gallio, is the desire of all men, but their minds are blinded to a clear vision of just what it is that makes life happy; and so far from its being easy to attain the happy life, the more eagerly a man strives to reach it, the farther he recedes from it if he has made a mistake on the road;
for when it leads in the opposite direction, hisvery speed will increase the distance that separates him
.” 40 000 suicide in USA 1 million suicide in the world
The American Paradox
Easterlin paradox The progress paradox The capitalist paradox Less happiness with more wealth and consumption
Capitalist Paradise vs. Paradoxes
Since the Enlightenment, we have produced and consumed more, but enjoyed less. We have multiplied our material possessions, but lost our spiritual dimensions. We have learned how to make a great living, but forgotten how to live a great life. We have built bigger houses, but destroyed bigger families. We have gained more knowledge, but are left with less truth. We have discovered the far edges of the outer universe, but dismissed the inner universe. We have found our way to the moon, but lost our way to our neighbors. We have invented better communication tools, but forgotten how to communicate with others.
Crises and Paradigm Shift
“Scientific revolutions are inaugurated by a growing sense, again often restricted to a narrow subdivision of the scientific community, that an existing paradigm has ceased to function adequately in the exploration of an aspect of nature to which that paradigm itself had previously led the way. In both political and scientific development the sense of malfunction that can lead to crisis is prerequisite to revolution.” (Kuhn, 1970, p.92)
The Search for Alternative Paradigm
A Royal Society study led by a Nobel Laureate published on 26 April 2012 highlights the dangers waiting people and planet if the current consumer culture is not stopped. The study offers the following recommendations:
1. The international community must bring the 1.3 billion people living on less than $1.25 per day out of absolute poverty, and reduce the inequality that persists in the world today. 2. The most developed and the emerging economies must stabilize and then reduce material consumption levels .
3. Governments should realize the potential of urbanization to reduce material consumption and environmental impact through efficiency measures. 4. In order to meet previously agreed goals for universal education, policy makers in countries with low school attendance need to work with international organizations.
5.
The Search for Alternative Paradigm
Natural and social scientists need to increase their research efforts on the interactions between consumption, demographic change and environmental impact. 6. National Governments should accelerate the development of comprehensive wealth measures. This should include reforms to the system of national accounts, and improvement in natural asset accounting.
7. Collaboration between National Governments is needed to develop socio-
economic systems and institutions that are not dependent on continued material consumption growth.
To me the call above is nothing less than a call for alternative economic paradigm. Indeed, those recommendations have been presented by scholars of Islamic economics as the main goals of Islamic (moral) economic system. Ironically, while the Western scientists are explicitly calling for a new socio economic system, some Muslim scholars are working to present “old capitalism” under the brand of Islam. The confusion is even greater for common people in Muslim societies, particularly, in the oil rich countries.
Tawheedi vs. Secular Paradigm
Tawheedi Paradigm and Science
Tawheedi Anthropology Tawheedi Ontology
God
Tawheedi Teleology Tawheedi Epistemology
Tawheedi Ontology
Tawheedi Epistemology and Anthropology
Tawhidi ontology, epistemology & anthropology
GOD
(All-powerful, All-knowing, All-wise, All-present, Most-
holy, Most-merciful…)
Works
(ontological knowledge)
The universe (Macrocosmos) ∞ power/knowledge ∞ bounty/mercy The self/human (Microcosmos) Zero power Zero property Read Realize Remember A believer Humble Honest Thankful Peaceful Caring Sharing Praying Words
(epistemological knowledge)
Messengers Messages
“Read in and with the Name of your Lord, Who has created human from a clot clinging (to the wall of the womb). Read, and your Lord is the All-Munificent, Who has taught (human) by the pen. Taught human what he did not know. No indeed, but (despite all His favors to him), human is unruly and rebels, In that he sees himself as self-sufficient, independent (of his Lord). But to your Lord, surely is the return (when everyone will account for their life).”
(Q96:1-8)
Respond
Secular vs. Tawheedi Anthropology
Knowing Self is the Key to Know Everything
A Grand Theory of Human Nature Nature
Comprehensive Theory of Human Nature Key Residents of Human Palace
1.
2.
3.
The free will (the driver) The spiritual heart/qalb (the king) The conscience/vijdan (the judge) 4.
5.
6.
7.
The mind/aql (the wazir) The animal soul/nafs (the elephant) The self-centric ego/ana (the showman) The oppressive ego/qadab (the dog)
The Elephant The Showman The King and Wazir The Driver The Dog The Judge
Secular v.s Tawheedi Anthropology
Secular v.s Tawheedi Teloeology
The Ultimate Purpose of Life
Capitalism Self Empowered Transformed Human god Master and owner Shirk (partnership with God) Islam Self Weakened Trained Servant to God Servant and trustee Shukr (giving thanks to God)
Chart 1: Means and Ends for the Capitalist Economic System Works for living +
wealth +
knowledge Power (show) and or pleasure Chart 2: Means and Ends for the Islamic (Moral) Market System Happiness
Secular vs. Tawheedi Teleology
Secular paradigm paradigm Resources
(means)
Ownership Resources (means) Trustee Consume for your pleasures (ends) Use for God’s pleasure (ends)
Secular vs. Tawheedi Education
Seculer Education
Christian schools vs public schools (embedded ideology in scientific knowledge) Technical vs. teleological (the meaning of the book of the universe) De-humanization vs re-humanization (Epistemological and anthropological perspectives) Rhetorical vs. paradigmatic changes
Enriching Strengths: Heart (king) Conscience (judge)
Mind (wazir)
God’s Human Project
The Tawheedi Paradigm
Human being created in the best form (ahsen-i takweem) Free will (deciding self) Human excellence (Spiritual, intellectual, moral) Human well being in this life God’s pleasure Controlling Weaknesses: Animal soul (elephant) Showman (selfish ego) Dog (oppressive ego) Human well being in the hereafter
Higgs Bozonu Keşfi
Niye önemli Bing Bang herşey fotondan geldi diyor. Foton kütlesiz. Elektromanyetik kuvvet ve zayıf kuvvet aynı matematiksel formülle ifade ediliyor. Birisi foton diğer parçacık eksenli.
Peter Higgs 48 sene önce bir teori ortaya attı CERN ’de yapılan milyarlarca deney Higgs’in varlığını teyit etti Evrende hiçbir şey diye birşeyin olmadığı anlaşıldı
Higgs Bozonu: Seküler Yorum
Materyalizmin zaferi ilan edildi Laplace’in Napolyon’a söylediği sözü gündeme getirdi: “o hipoteze ihtiyaç yok.” “God of Gaps” esasına dayalı ilah anlayışına meydan okuma Niye bozon alanı oluştu? (L.Krause: ilginç bir tesadüf= Tesadüf Tanrısı) Niye fotonlarla etkileşince birşey olmuyor? (doğasından dolayı = Tabiat Tanrısı) Herşey nasıl oluştu benzer fotonlardan? (maddi sebeblerle açıklama = Esbab Tanrısı)
Higgs Bozonu ve Bilimsel Hurafe
Kumanda ve TV keşfi TV’deki görüntü hakikatte nereden geliyor Kumanda sebeb görüntü sonuç Kumandanın doğasından dolayı TV ile etkileşimi Kumanda ve TV arasındaki ilişkinin tesadüfen kurulması Oysa kumanda TV’deki görüntüyü, sesi ve bilgiyi üretebilecek niteliğe sahip değil Alem bu tarz kumanda-TV misali nimetlerle dolu Otomat makinası-para Elektrik düğmesi ve ışık
Yeni Bir Medeniyetin İnşası
Medresettü Zehra ve Tevhide dayalı medeniyet inşaası “Vicdanın ziyası ulum-u diniyedir. Aklın nuru fünun-u medeniyedir. İkisinin imtizacıyla hakikat tecelli eder. O iki cenah ile talebenin himmeti pervaz eder. İftirak ettikleri vakit birincisinde taassub, ikincisinde hile ve Münazarat şüphe tevellüd eder” Said Nursi – Akıl ve kalbi iki kanat gibi kullanarak “insaniyeti kübra” olan İslamiyeti yaşamak Akıl ve nakil çelişirse Aklı işletmek için hürriyet-i şerriye (ekmeksiz yaşarım hürriyetsiz yaşamam) Düşünce hürriyeti: Taakkulu küfür bile küfür değil Meşveretin şartı olarak hürriyet-i şerriye