Transcript Non-Hodgkin*s Lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
LAUREN BOUTWELL MS, RD, LDN MING CHEUNG MS, RD, LDN
Agenda
• • • • • • • • Lymphoma Overview - L Nutritional Changes due to Lymphoma - M Treatment Options - L Case Study - M Nutrition Therapy General - L Nutrition Therapy Case Study - M Questions Conclusion - M
Objectives
▪ Understand basic information about cancer and lymphoma ▪ Learn about the different treatments for cancer ▪ Understand the nutritional impact of cancer and cancer treatment ▪ Understand the RD’s role in treatment ▪ Understand the nutritional needs of cancer patients
Lymphoma
o Cancer of the lymph cells (lymphatic system), which is the body’s disease fighting network o Systemic o The lymphatic system includes blood, spleen, thymus gland, and bone marrow o Lymphocytes act abnormally by either dividing faster than normal or living longer than usual
Types of Lymphoma
▪ There are several types of lymphomas, classified by origin ▪ Two main groups: ◦ Hodgkin’s lymphoma is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells 2 ◦ Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is classified by the absence of Reed-Sternberg cells 3 ▪ Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma more common ◦ Tumor develops from lymphocytes 3 ◦ The most common sub-type of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is diffuse large B-cell lymphoma 3 ▪ Classification of the type of lymphoma is important because it can affect treatment and prognosis
Symptoms of Lymphoma
Common symptoms include:
▪ Swollen lymph nodes in the neck, armpits or groin ▪ Abdominal pain or swelling ▪ Chest pain, coughing or trouble breathing ▪ Fatigue ▪ Fever ▪ Night sweats ▪ Weight loss (usually unexplained weight loss and as much as 10% or more of their body weight) ▪ Loss of appetite
II III Stage I 0
Lymphoma Stagi
ng Definition (N = Non-Hodgkins, H = Hodgkins) • Cancer is confined to site of origin, no spread • Lymphoma in only 1 lymph node area or lymphoid organ • Or lymphoma found in only 1 area of a single organ outside the lymph system • Lymphoma in 2+ groups of lymph nodes on the same side of diaphragm • Lymphoma extends from a single group of lymph node(s) into nearby organ • The lymphoma is found in lymph node areas on both sides of (above and below) the diaphragm • The cancer may also have spread into an area or organ next to the lymph nodes, into the spleen, or both IV • The lymphoma has spread outside lymph system into organ not next to involved node • The lymphoma has spread to the bone marrow, liver, brain or spinal cord, or the pleura (thin lining of the lungs).
Nutritional
Changes Due to Lymphoma
General
Fevers Fatigue Anorexia Anemia Changes in taste
Cancer cachexia
Biological Alterations
Cancer Cachexia
Characterized by:
Involuntary weight loss
Tissue wasting
Inability to perform daily activities
Metabolic alterations
AA are not spared as in simple starvation Muscle wasting: increased protein breakdown (hypercatabolism) decreased protein synthesis Occurrence of both results in intense muscular atrophy Changes in taste and smell perception plays an important role in the severity
Biological Changes in Malignancy
▪
Carbohydrate abnormalities
▪ Insulin resistance ▪ Increased glucose synthesis ▪ Gluconeogenesis ▪ Increased Cori cycle activity ▪ Decreased glucose tolerance and turnover
Alterations in lipid metabolism 5
Increased lipid metabolism Decreased lipogenesis Decreased activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) Lipid-mobilizing factor (LMF) produced by tumor or host tissue
Lymphoma
Treatment Options
Chemotherapy
o Systemic treatment o Powerful chemicals to k ill fast-growing/rapidly divid ing cells o Chemotherapeutic agents travels throughout the body to reach cancer cells o C annot differentiate between normal reproducing cells and cancer cells o I nterrupts cell DNA, RNA or protein synthesis of the cell cycle o Different chemo agents interrupt cell proliferation at different stages o C ombination therapy is common - enhance the effectiveness & overall toxicity minimize o Normal cells are damaged as well as the cancer cells
Radiation Therapy
Localized treatment used to shrink tumors, kill cancer cells and prevent their growth X-rays, gamma rays, and charged particles most common types External-beam radiation therapy - delivered by a machine Brachytherapy - radioactive material placed near cancer cells Systemic radiation therapy - radioactive substances travel in blood (i.e. radioactive iodine ) Often used in conjunction with other therapies
Other Options
Surgery Biological Therapy Bone Marrow Transplant
Case Study: Lymphoma
Patient Introduction
▪ Denise Mitchell (DM) ▪ DOB: 2/18 ▪ 21 yowf ▪ College student ▪ Religion: Methodist ▪ Adm for evaluation of viral illness ▪ Experienced night sweats, fevers, and weight loss ▪ CXR indicates a possible mass
Physical Exam
▪ General appearance: thin, pale , appears tired ▪
Vitals
▪ T: 100.5°F, RR: 18 bpm, B/P: 95/70 mm Hg, HR: 85 bpm ▪
HEENT:
▪ Head: Normocephalic ▪ Eyes: EOMI; wears glasses for myopia; fundi grossly normal bilaterally ▪ Ears: Tympanic membranes normal ▪ Nose: Dry mucous membranes without lesion ▪ Throat: Slightly dry mucous membranes without exudates or lesions; abnormal
lymph nodes
Physical Exam cont.
▪ Extremities: Normal muscular tone with normal ROM, nontender ▪ Skin: warm and dry without lesions ▪ Chest/lungs: Respirations are shallow; dullness present to percussion ▪ WNL: Genitalia, Heart, Neurological tests, Abdomen, Peripheral vasculature ▪ CC/HPI: “I don’t seem to have ever gotten over the flu that I had several weeks ago. I still have a fever sometimes, and the cough won’t go away.”
Patient History
NKA Previous Hospitalization: Tonsillectomy – age 5 Medication: Dimetapp, OTC (2 tsp, occ ) Tylenol, OTC (400mg, occ) Cold in past two weeks Non-smoker FH: (non-contributory)
Anthropometrics
▪ Ht: 5’6” ▪ Wt: 120 lbs ▪ UBW: 130 lbs ▪ %UBW: 92.31% ▪ BMI: 19.34 – normal range ▪ % unintentional wt loss: 7.69% over the last 2-3 months, significant loss
Nutritional Hx
General
Appetite decreased No N/V, constipation, or diarrhea Food allergies/intolerances/aversions: NKA Previous nutrition therapy: None Vitamin/mineral intake: None Food purchase/prep: Self, parents, college cafeteria
Usual dietary intake
AM: Cold cereal, toast or doughnut, skim milk, juice Lunch: (in college cafeteria) sandwich or salad, frozen yogurt, chips or pretzels, soda PM: Meat (eats only chicken and fish), 1-2 vegetables including a salad, iced tea, or skim milk Snack: Popcorn, occasionally pizza, soda, juice, iced tea
24-Hour Recall
AM: 1 slice dry toast, plain hot tea Lunch: ½ c ice cream, ¼ c fruit cocktail, few bites of other foods on tray PM: Few bites of chicken (1 oz), 2 tbsp mashed potatoes, ½ c Jell-O, plain hot tea
Diagnosis and Treatment Plan
▪
Dx:
▪ Chest CT, MRI, and bone marrow and lymph node biopsy ▪ Stage II diffuse large B-cell lymphoma w/ mediastinal disease and positive lymph node involvement ▪ Bone marrow and other organs show no indication of disease
Tx plan:
Chemotherapy – cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) Prednisone administered orally on first 5 days of each 21-day cycle Other chemotherapeutic meds given intravenously on first day of cycle Radiotherapy planned to begin 3 wks after third cycle of CHOP •
Discharged for outpatient therapy on hospital day 5
What Symptoms is Denise Experiencing?
N ight sweats F evers Loss of appetite U nexplained weight loss C oughing F atigue/lack of energy A bnormal lymph nodes
CHOP
&
What To Expect
Cyclophosphamide
N/V, diarrhea, fatigue, loss of appetite, sores in mouth or on lips, dry mouth and sore throat
Doxorubicin
(Hydroxydaunomycin) N/V; loss of appetite; sore in mouth or on lips; dry mouth; sores or ulcerations in the throat, esophagus, or colon
Vincristine
(Oncovin) N/V, diarrhea, constipation, fatigue, loss of appetite, mouth sores
Prednisone
Increased appetite, upset stomach, weight gain, loss of calcium from bones, dry mouth and sore throat
Nutritionally Related Labs
Lab Measure
Albumin Total Protein WBC HGB HCT MCV Retic Ferritin
Normal Range
3.5 – 5 6 – 8 4.8 – 11.8
12 – 15 (women) 37 – 47 (women) 80 – 96 0.8 – 2.8
20 – 120 (women)
MD
3.3 L 5.5 L 12.0 H 11 L 31 L 70 L 2.9 H 19 L
Nutrition Diagnosis
▪
Malnutrition
▪
Altered nutrition related laboratory values (albumin)
▪
Unintended weight loss (involuntary weight loss)
▪
Inadequate oral food/beverage intake
▪
Increased energy expenditure
▪
Inadequate energy intake
▪
Hypermetabolism (Increased nutrient needs)
Nutrition Therapy
Nutritional
Goals for Lymphoma
▪
Prevent or reverse poor nutrition
▪
Manage symptoms
▪
Maintain or improve weight and strength
▪
Maximize quality of life
Dietary and Weight Changes after Treatments for Lymphoma
Russell NC, et al. Nutrition and Cancer. 2007; 57(2): 168–176 o Retrospective/cross-sectional study o Focused on current BMI o Post-treatment therapy longer than other cancers o No association b/w BMI and recurrence/death o
Challenging to detect diet and BMI associations - many complications
o Dietary counseling important - choosing foods that alleviate symptoms o Encouraging healthy choices can lead to weight gain
Keys to Nutritional Therapy
▪ Careful screening & assessment ▪ Symptoms/side-effects vary with pt ▪ Individualization (Plan & Recommendations) ◦ Severity of malabsorption, ◦ ◦ ◦ Increase/decrease protein synthesis Lipid metabolism changes Appetite changes ▪ Some pts do not need additional calories ▪ Wt gain during/after treatment associated with worse outcome & higher relapse rates
Nutrition Therapy: General Side Effects
Side Effect
N/V Early satiety Dehydration Xerostomia
Nutrition Therapy
small, low-fat meals, avoid fried/greasy foods, electrolyte fortified beverages to maintain hydration small nutrient-dense meal frequently, nutrient beverages b/w meals, avoid consumption of high-fiber foods drink adequate fluids throughout day, consume fluid containing foods (i.e. soup), limit caffeine products artificial saliva or mouth moisturizers/lubricants, sugar-free gum, sour-flavored sugar-free hard candies
Nutrition Therapy: Chemotherapy Side Effects
Side Effect Nutrition Therapy
Neutropenia avoid raw vegetables, fruits, meat, fish, eggs, avoid salad bars & deli counters, consume only pasteurized dairy, drink tap/well water Anemia Diarrhea Mucositis increase iron consumption w/ Vit C, add iron-rich foods to diet, supplementation drink small amounts clear fluid throughout the day, avoid high-sugar beverages, simple-sugars, alcohol, caffeine, avoid gas-producing foods, add foods with soluble fiber eat soft, non-fibrous non-acidic foods, avoid hot foods, drink plenty of liquids, high-calorie/high-protein shakes and supplements may help
Radiation Side Effects
Side Effect Nutrition Therapy
Radiation enteritis Delayed wound healing -avoid dairy products, raw veggies, fried foods, nuts/seeds, caffeine, strong spices, fresh fruit -encourage consumption of cooked/broiled fish, poultry, meat, applesauce, white bread, mashed potatoes, mild veggies -ingest foods at room temp -low residue diet may be recommended increase consumption Vit A, E, C, increase zinc and iron consumption, ensure adequate fluid, protein, and fat intake Dysgeusia -avoid metal utensils, drink from glass instead of metal container ensure adequate protein intake if meat not tolerated -try highly spiced/flavorful food
Radiation Side Effects Cont.
Side Effect Nutrition Therapy
Dysphagia -specific food consistencies using thickening agents (depending on ability to swallow -enteral nutrition may be needed Odynophagia Esophagitis -avoid hot, rough, acidic, and/or spicy foods -suck on ice or consume cold beverages -try soft or pureed diet -sit upright when eating -eat slowly -eat small frequent meals -avoid spicy, acidic foods -avoid alcohol and tobacco
DM’s
Nutritional Needs
Energy Requirement
▪ Formula for patients who need to gain weight, are anabolic, or slightly hypermetabolic: ▪
30 – 35 kcal/kg 5
▪ Her energy needs is between 1,637 kcal and 1,909 kcal ▪ Since she has unintentional weight loss, her energy requirement to be closer to 1,909 kcal
Protein
• o DM does not appear to be very stressed o Protein guidelines: Non-stressed cancer patient: 1.0 – 1.5 g/kg
5
• Her protein needs would be between 54.55g and 81.83g
o Experiencing some unintentional weight loss o PE indicates that she looks thin o Her protein needs would be closer to 1.5 g/kg to help her increase her energy intake and prevent protein losses due to cancer o Her protein need is approximately 76 – 82g (1.4g/kg and 1.5g/kg).
Fluid Needs
35 mL/kg
(night sweats & diarrhea) 35mL/kg x 54.5 kg = 1,907 mL Approximately 1.9 - 2 Liters of fluids per day
DM’s Nutrition Plan
Calculated Goal/Recs
1,900 Kcal/d 82 gms Protein/d 2 L fluids/d
Symptoms
Diarrhea Early satiety Esophagitis
Recommendations
o eat small, frequent meals throughout the day o consume nutrient-dense beverages/shakes o consume mild/non-acidic foods o try to consume balanced diet, but primarily whatever is tolerated to meet needs
Supplements
No definitive data N o regulation of herbal supplements C ontaminants harmful with depressed immune status H igh doses of antioxidants can actually work against the action of chemo thereby decreasi n g efficacy Individual basis
Questions and Concerns from Family
Family has been asking questions about different diets...
Family support is great Encourage questions Don’t judge!
Reputable Sources for Information
o o Lots of recommendations for alternative treatments for lymphoma Not all researched based
Good Sources of Information
Dana Farber’s ( www.danafarber.org/nutrition ) National Cancer Institute ( www.cancer.gov
) American Cancer Society ( www.cancer.org
) National Institute of Health ( www.nih.gov
) Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center ( www.massgeneral.org/cancer/ ) The Leukemia and Lymphoma Society ( www.lls.org
)
Follow-Up/Evaluation
Food journal (what, where, when, and how much; also mood and symptoms she was experiencing) Weight measured and recorded every day (preferably at the same time everyday), assess compliance and identify any necessary modifications to plan This may be too much while she is not feeling well and undergoing chemo I/O, prealbumin, CRP, hospital generated calorie count if she's not feeling well enough to manage it
Nutrition Education
P roper record keeping ( food journal) Soluble fiber for diarrhea Symptoms Common food and drug interactions Importance of obtaining adequate energy and nutrient intake during the treatment All the instructional material should be given before the symptoms occur 21 . List of foods and recommendations f or common symptoms Low microbial diet M eal replacements Review safe food handling & clean technique (Dining In/Out) M outh car e
Sensitivity
o Understand this is a stressful time o Education is important o Be careful to not overwhelm o Be sensitive to patient needs
Questions
o Is it recommended that all cancer patients consume more calories?
o Is too much weight gain bad?
o What if the pt refuses to eat?
o What about conflicting advice?
Conclusion
Nutritional care is important in conjunction medical treatment Good nutrition can lead to better outcome & tolerance of cancer treatment There are metabolic changes that can occur with lymphoma Goal is to prevent malnutrition, treat symptoms, and improve QOL RDs can make a big difference
How is DM doing Today?
▪ Chemotherapy went well ▪ Complete remission ▪ Feeling a lot better and gained some weight back ▪ Finishing up undergraduate degree ▪ Impressed and inspired by the difference RDs make in medical treatment, she plans to pursue a degree in Nutrition (MS/DPD + DI)
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References
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