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Trophic Feeding for Critically Ill
Patient on Pressors: A Case Study
BY ANDREA SHELLEY
Case Presentation
Admitted related to need for dialysis access
Intubated and on mechanical ventilation
Major Problems:
End-stage
renal disease (ESRD)
Symptomatic bradycardia
Hyperglycemia
Case Presentation
88 year old Caucasian female
Medical History:
ESRD
Kidney stones
Lung cancer
Gastroesophageal
reflux disease
Chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease
Hypertension
Chronic cystitis
Hypothyroidism
Type 2 diabetes
Depression
mellitus
Case Presentation
Disease Description: ESRD
Kidneys are no longer able to clean the blood at an
acceptable rate
Glomerulus filtration rate (GFR)<15
Fluid and toxins build-up
phosphorus & potassium
Dialysis or transplantation is needed for survival
Mahan LK. Escott-Stump S. Raymond, JL. Krause’s Food and the Nutrition Care Process. 13 th ed. St. Louis, Missouri: Saunders, Elsevier; 2012: 811-813
Case Presentation
Patient’s Treatment for ESRD:
Continues Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT)
Type
of dialysis
Causes less stress on body
Cleans the blood and pulls off extra fluid very
slowly
Started on day two
Case Presentation
Symptomatic bradycardia (slow heart rate):
Pulseless electrical activity 7 days post admit
Received aggressive resuscitation
Heart rate 30-40
Placed on pressors
Norepinephrine
Dopamine
Case Presentation
Hyperglycemia (High blood glucose level)
Glucose 332 at first assessment
Treatment:
Lantus
Sliding
scale insulin
Dextrose, 5%
Nutrition Assessment
Anthropometric Measurements at Admit:
162#
4’11”
BMI=32.8
Biochemical Data at Admit:
oGlucose:332
oBUN: 56.4
oCr:5
oCa: 6.5
oSodium:137
oPotassium:3.8
oPhosphorus: 7.8
Nutrition Assessment
ARAMARK Nutrition Status Classification
Eating
chewing problems = 2pts
New/Unstable tube feeding = 4pts
Stable weight = 0pts
BMI >30-34.9 = 2 pts
Albumin level of 2.4 = 3 pts
Dx chronic renal failure = 3 pts
Total points = 14, Level 4-Severely Compromised
Nutrition Assessment
Increased Caloric Needs:
CRRT
Sepsis
Mechanical
ventilation
Low Braden Score (10)
Nutrition Assessment
Nutrient Needs:
Mifflin St-Jeor
(10 x 73.4) + (6.25 x 149.8) - (5 x 88) -161=1069.25kcals
Stress Factor: 1.3 x 1069.25= 1390kcals/day
OR
30kcals/kg IBW & 1.5g protein/kg IBW
30kcals x 45.45kg IBW = 1363kcals
1.5g protein x 45.45kg IBW = 68g protein
Fluids:1ml/kcal =1363ml water
Nutrition Diagnoses
PES Statement:
NI-5.3: Inadequate protein-energy intake related
to hemodynamic instability as evidenced by
NPO x 1 day with mechanical ventilation and
need for multiple pressor medications.
Nutrition Intervention
Enteral Nutrition 2.1
Composition
ND-2.1.1
Rate ND-2.1.3
Recommend initiating continuous trophic feeds of
Nepro at 10ml/hr with a goal rate of 30ml/hr and auto
flush of 25ml water hourly via nasogastric tube while
patient continues on high doses of pressors and CRRT.
Supplement
with 30ml ProMod daily
At goal rate: 1396kcals (31kcals/kg IBW), 68g protein
(1.5g/kg IBW), and 1123ml water
Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
Monitor:
Enteral
nutrient intake 1.3.1
Formula/Solution FH-1.3.2.1
Medications 3.1
Prescription medications (Rate of Pressor) FH3.1.1
Glucose/endocrine profile 1.5
Glucose, casual BD-1.5.2
Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
Monitor Continued:
Electrolyte
and renal profile 1.2
BUN BD-1.2.1
Creatinine BD-1.2.2
Potassium BD-1.2.7
Phosphorus BD-1.2.11
Acid-based balance 1.1
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood
PaCO2 BD-1.1.4
Evidence-Based Nutrition Recommendations
Early Enteral Nutrition and Outcomes of Critically Ill
Patients Treated With Vasopressors and Mechanical
Ventilation
By Imran Khalid, Pratik Doshi, and Bruno DiGiovine
Nonrandomized controlled trial
Compared results received when enteral nutrition
was initiated with 48hrs of admit to those received
when enteral nutrition was initiated after 48hrs.
Khalid I, Doshi P, DiGiovine B. Early enteral nutrition and outcomes of critically ill patients treated with vassopressors and mechanical ventilation. American Journal of Critical Care.
2010:19. 261-268. doi:10.4037/ajcc2010197
Evidence-Based Nutrition Recommendations
Khalid I, Doshi P, DiGiovine B. Early enteral nutrition and outcomes of critically ill patients treated with vassopressors and mechanical ventilation.
American Journal of Critical Care. 2010:19. 261-268. doi:10.4037/ajcc2010197
Evidence-Based Nutrition Recommendations
A Randomized Trial of Trophic versus Full-Energy
Enteral Nutrition in Mechanically Ventilated
Patients with Acute Respiratory Failure
By: Rice, Morgan, Hays, Bernard, Jensen, and Wheeler
Results showed that pts on trophic feeds for the first
6 days had similar clinical outcomes to pts receiving
full-energy feeds as quickly as possible.
Trophic feeds lead to less gastrointestinal intolerance
Rice TW et al. A randomized trial of trophic versus full-energy enteral nutrition in mechanically ventilated patients with acute respiratory failure. NIH Public Access Critical
Care Med. 2011:39(5):967-974. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31820a905a
Rice TW et al. A randomized trial of trophic versus full-energy enteral nutrition in mechanically ventilated patients with acute respiratory failure.
NIH Public Access Critical Care Med. 2011:39(5):967-974. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31820a905a
Conclusion
Tolerated trophic feeds minimal residuals
No gastrointestinal intolerance
Many co-morbidities
End-of-life decision was comfort care
Thank You!
Questions?
References
Mahan LK. Escott-Stump S. Raymond, JL. Krause’s Food and the Nutrition
Care Process. 13th ed. St. Louis, Missouri: Saunders, Elsevier; 2012: p811-813
Khalid I, Doshi P, DiGiovine B. Early enteral nutrition and outcomes of
critically ill patients treated with vassopressors and mechanical ventilation.
American Journal of Critical Care. 2010:19. 261-268.
doi:10.4037/ajcc2010197
Rice TW et al. A randomized trial of trophic versus full-energy enteral
nutrition in mechanically ventilated patients with acute respiratory failure. NIH
Public Access Critical Care Med. 2011:39(5):967-974.
doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31820a905a
Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Evidence Analysis Library. Executive
summary of recommendations.
http://andevidencelibrary.com/topic.cfm?cat=3929. Accessed January 1, 2013