Transcript Morphology - mersindilbilim.info

MORPHOLOGY
The wordland
What is morphology?
• the study of the structure and content of word forms
• the part of linguistic that deals with the study of words,
their internal structure.
• It is also interested in how the users of a given language
understand complex words and invent new lexical items.
• It is the subdiscipline of grammar.
What is lexicon?
• A collection of linguistic knowledge that cannot be
captured by rules
• The collection of words--the internalized dictionary--that
every speaker of the language has.
• An understanding of the rules that govern the formation of
words
• Similarities and differences in the behavior of words
• The function of words
By the end of the class, you will have the linguistic
background to answer the following questions:
• What is morphology?
• What is a morpheme?
• How are morphemes classified?
• How are words structured in Turkish?
• What is an allomorph?
• Why is karşılıksız acceptable, but sevgiliksiz
outrageous?
• What makes evdeler different from evlerde?
• Why is evdemler terrible, but dedemler perfectly fine?
• Key words:
• Morphology
• Morpheme
• Free morpheme
• Bound morpheme
• Derivational morpheme
• Inflectional morpheme
• Morpheme ordering
• Allomorphy
THE STRUCTURE OF
WORDS
Syllable structure vs Morpheme structure
Free morphemes vs Bound morphemes
Derivational morphemes vs Inflectional morphemes
Two ways of analysing word structure
• Through syllable structure
• Through morpheme structure
Syllable structure
• Table 1:
Morpheme structure
• Table 2:
• Table 3: morpheme and syllable boundaries
• Table 4: compatibility between morphemes and syllables:
hastalandım
• Table 5: compatibility between morphemes and syllables:
yaşlandım
The gist here:
• Simply coding the syllables of a word is not reliable way to
code the morphemes of that word.
So,
• What is a morpheme?
• What is the criterion to identify a morpheme?
• Morphemes are the smallest meaningful units that
construct words in a language.
Our examples are constructed in the following
way:
(1)
Yaş
Yaş-lan
Yaş-lan-dı
Yaş-lan-dı-m
(2)
Hasta
Hasta-lan
Hasta-lan-dı
Hasta-lan-dı-m
Eg. babama
(3)
Eg. gözcüler
(4)
Göz+
cü+
Stem
1st morph.
Organ of
seeing
ler
2nd morph.
unit of grammatical function
form Ns from Ns
not mean göz anymore
Remark
• Morphemes might have different meanings, functions and
morphological standing.
• Although morpheme and syllable boundaries of a word
may sometimes overlap, lack of correspondence between
these boundaries is common.
• A single morpheme may be composed of more than one
syllable.
• A single syllable may include more than one morpheme.
IT IS YOUR TURN 1
In terms of their morphological stand,ng, morphemes in gözcü
can be classified into two groups
• Free morphemes
• Bound morphemes
Why is c grammatical while a and b are not?
(5)
Morphemes
Free morphemes
Content morp.
Ns
ADJs
ADVs
Vs
Bound morphemes
Functional morp.
postpositions
conjunctions
determiners
pronouns, etc.
IT IS YOUR TURN 2
• Affixation: the attachment process of a bound morpheme
to another morpheme.
• Affixes: the attached bound morphemes.
• Roots: words that are not affixed.
• An overwhelming number of roots in Turkish are
monosyllabic:
• More than one syllable in a root is also permissible:
Stem: the root or roots of a word, together with any
derivational affixes, to which inflectional affixes are added.
They are morphologically complex.
Eg. Yaş-lı
stem
yaş-lı-lar
stem
Çağ
çağ-daş
çağ-daş-lık
root
stem,
stem
Complex words are formed through 3 types of
affixation in a language:
• Suffixes: placed after stem
• Prefixes: before stem
• Infixes: within stem
What about affixation in Turkish?
• Sev-gi
• Sev-gi-li
• Sev-gi-li-ler
Loan words:
• Anti-propaganda
• Gayri resmi
• Bihaber
• Postmodern
>
>
>
>
propaganda
resmi
haber
modern
Back to the case of gözcüler
Göz- cüFree morphemes
ler
bound morphemes
content morpheme : derived N from a
N having a meaning different from that of the stem
That is, some suffixes can change both the meaning
and the syntactic class of the stem
Derivation: a process of forming new words by using
bound morphemes
Derivational morphemes: the morphemes which add to or
change the meaning of a stem word or the syntactic class
of it.
Eg. Sat-ıcı
-ICI: a derivational morpheme forming Ns from Ns
What other derivations are possible in
Turkish?
• Table 6: examples of derivational suffixes
4 types of stems formed through
derivation
Suffixes that attach to verbs
Deverbal nominal stems:
Deverbal verbal stems:
V>N
V>V
Suffixes that attach to nominals
Denominal nominal stems:
N>N
Denominal verbal stems:
N>V
Other derivational suffixes in Turkish
note that some suffixes are more productive than the others
• V>N: Kaz-I, güldür-Ü, kay-AK, sev-ECEN, san-AL, diz-GE
• V>V: dürt-ÜKLE, şaş-ALA, kaç-IN, ara-ŞTIR,
Consider the semantic differences –(I)ş provides
• Koşuş-: denotes an unorganised manner
• Bölüş-, kırış-: denotes a shared act
• Kokuş-: denotes the intensity of a property of the root verb
Other derivational suffixes in Turkish
note that some suffixes are more productive than the others
• N>V: tür-E-, kara-R-, şakır-DA, göz-ÜK-, güneş-LEN-,
haber-LEŞ-, kir-LET-, su-SA• N>N: ana-Ç, sol-AK, yer-El, kök-En, dört-GEN,
Consider semantic differences –lI provides:
• Atlı, sevgili, hızlı, akıllı : denotes the attribute of something
• Üniversiteli, köylü: indicates a person belonging to or
coming from
• Üçlü, altılı: indicates groups made of items containing that
number of objects
Another productive suffix -lIk
(1) Ns from Ns, adjectives or adverbs to indicate:
• İyilik, çabukluk : the state relating to a particular concept
• Askerlik, krallık: institutionalisation of the concept
• Gözlük, başlık: an object associated with the body
• Kitaplık, odunluk: a storage place
• Zeytinlik, mezarlık: a place where the entity denoted by the N is found
collectively
• Analık, evlatlık: a person whose relationship is analogous to the blood
relation
(2) Adjectives which indicate:
• Dolmalık, elbiselik: suitability for the type of entity
• Günlük, aylık: periods of time
• Ellilik: approximate age of a person
(3) Bir kiloluk, üç saatlik: express weight, length, capacity, value, price.
Is the lexicon composed of only free lexical
morphemes and derivational bound morphemes?
Consider this:
* Bu sınıf öğrenci hep öğretmen kız.
• Which noun is the subject above?
• How are the other nouns and the verb related to it?
Modified sentence with grammatical
inflection:
• Bu sınıfta öğrenciler hep öğretmeni kızdırırlar.
Spatial relation
plural
direct obj.
temporal structure of event
person agreement with subj
These morphemes did not create new words but mark
grammatical relations: inflectional morphemes.
Number, case, tense and agreement markers in Turkish
are inflectional morphemes.
How different characteristics can combine
in a single morpheme?
• Let’s test «insan-lık» following the chart to discover type of the morpheme
Another test to discover the type of the
morpheme
• Consider the use of the infinitive marker –mAk
• Claim: whatever precedes the infinitive marker –mAk
should be considered as the stem; therefore anything in it
as derivational
Eg. Koşuş-tur-du
The infinitive form: koş-uş-tur-mak
What precedes –mAk: koş-uş-tur
Derivational morphemes
IT IS YOUR TURN 3
ORGANISING PRINCIPLES OF
TURKISH MORPHOLOGY
Morpheme ordering
Allomorphy
Morpheme ordering
Why are a and c are possible but not b?
Kalınlaştırılmamışlardanmışmş
b) *Kalıntırlaş
c) kalınlaştırılmamıştanmışmışlar
a)
!
Considering that Turkish is an agglunative language, the
order of morphemes in a sentence is fixed and each morpheme
is used in the position specified for it.
b)Ungrammatical: causative-DIr is used after -lAş
If the morphemes are in right order, you
can produce the followings grammatically
• öl-üm-süz-leş-tir-t-tir-il-e-me-yebil-in-en-ler-de-ki-ler-den-
mi-ymis-ler-ce-sin-e
• Gör-üş-tür-ül-e-me-ye de bil-iyor-mu-ydu-nuz?
• *kes-ler-im vs kesimler
! Inflection follows derivation as derivational morphemes
are more firmly attached than inflectional ones:
• Root+Derivation+Inflection
Turkish inflectional suffixes
1. nominal inflectional suffixes
Those marking number, possession, case
Eg:
çocuk-lar- ın- a
2. Verbal inflectional suffixes
Those marking verb forms
root-voice-negation-tense/aspect/modality-copular markerperson marker-DIr
Eg. Otur-acağ-ım
Nominal inflectional suffixes in Turkish
• plural suffix: -lAr
• Possessive suffixes: evim, evin, evi, evimiz, eviniz, evleri
• Case suffixes:
• Accusative: saray-ı
• Dative: masa-(y)a
• Locative: ev-de
• Ablative: okul-dan
• Genetive: çocuğ-un
• Other nominal inflectional markers:
• ile (kedimle)
• -ki (dünkü, odanınki)
Eg. arabanınkiyle
Verbal inflectional suffixes in Turkish
• Voice suffixes
• Causative: yap-TIR, piş-İR, çık-AR, çök-ERT
• Passive: yıka-N, del-İN, yap-IL
• Reflexive: giy-İN, sar-IN, ört-ÜN
• Reciprocal: öp-ÜŞ, gör-ÜŞ
• Negative marker: -ma, git-ME
• Tense aspect modality markers:
• Copular markers: (y)DI, -(y)mIş and –(y)sA (bırakmışTI,
hastaYDI, yürümekteYMİŞler, evdeYMİŞler, koşuyorSAk,
hevesliYSEk)
• Person markers: (odamdayIM, kaçsaN, çalışıyorUZ)
What if more than one inflectional
morpheme are used in a word?
(6)
a. Kitap
b. Kitap-lık
c. Kitap-lık-lar
d. Kitap-lık-lar-ım
e. Kitap-lık-lar-ım-da
! They also combine in a predictable order.
Stem+plural+person+place marker
In the case of verbal inflections:
(7)
a. Boya-dı-m
b. Boya-ma-dı-m
c. Boya-t-tı-m
d. Boya-t-ma-dı-m
The permissible order:
(causative) + (negation) + tense + person
IT IS YOUR TURN 4
! Each suffix takes the preceding stem as the
scope of its semantic and syntactic material
• Table 7: outer layers of words are formed by inflectional;
inner layers by derivational morphemes
Allomorphy
• Allomorphs: the variations of the same morpheme.
• Every morpheme has predictable allomorphs in
complementary distribuiton, in that thay cannot appear in
the same phonological environment (*evlar, *işlar,*okuller,
*otoler).
(8)
a. [ler]
b. [lar]
ev-ler, iş-ler, kütük-ler, söz-ler
okul-lar, sınıf-lar, kutu-lar, toz-lar
Let’s remember
Vowel chart
Turkish vowels
Turkish vowels
Front
Back
Unrou Roun
nded ded
Unrou Roun
nded ded
High
i
ü
ı
u
Low
e
ö
a
o
How is the choice between /e/ and /a/
determined?
By the preceding stem vowel.
In (8a), all the preceding stem vowels are front
In (8b), all the preceding stem vowels are non front
! Front vowels + [-ler]
Back vowels + [-lar]
• Table 8: distribution of plural morpheme
Other patterns of distribution for some
productive allomorphs in Turkish:
• The morpheme marking reported past /-mIş/
• The morpheme marking definite past /-DI/
• The agentive morpheme /-CI/
• First person agreement marker /-(y)Im/
The morpheme marking reported past /mIş/
• 4 allomorphs – applies to Vs
Conditioned by the rounding harmony, the high suffix /i/
• Back unrounded vowels + [-mış]
• Front unrounded vowels + [-miş]
• Back rounded vowels + [-muş]
• Front rounded vowels + [-müş]
The morpheme marking definite past /-DI/
• 8 allomorphs – applies to Vs
Conditioned by preceding stem vowel and consonant
Consonants share voicing feature: voiced con.+/d/ vs
voiceless con. + /t/
Vowels share backness and rounding features
The agentive morpheme /-CI/
• 8 allomorphs – applied to Ns –means one making or
selling N
• Conditioned by consonant harmony in voicing and
rounding harmony in both backness and rounding
First person agreement marker /-(y)Im/
• 4 allomorphs – marks the subject of the sentence on
predicative nouns and adjectives
• Conditioned by rounded harmony.
• The buffer –y is inserted when the stem ends in a vowel
IT IS YOUR TURN 5
summary
• What is morphology?
• What is a morpheme?
• How are words structured in Turkish?
• What is an allomorph?
Summary
how are morphemes classified?
DERIVATIONAL
Bound
(prefix –infixsuffix)
INFLECTIONAL
Bound
(suffix)
FREE
CONTENT
MORPHEME
Class and/or
x
meaning changing
affixes
Eg. –Lık, -sAl, -CI
Nouns, verbs,
adjectives,
adverbs
FUNCTIONAL
MORPHEME
X
Postpositions,
pronouns,
determiners,
conjuctions,etc.
Suffixes marking
grammatical
relationships
Eg. –lAr, -DI, -mIş
SELF-TEST