Transcript Chap029.ppt
29 Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Aggregate Demand • Real GDP desired at each price level • Inverse relationship • Real balances effect • Interest effect • Foreign purchases effect LO1 29-2 Price level Aggregate Demand AD 0 LO1 Real domestic output, GDP 29-3 Changes in Aggregate Demand • Determinants of aggregate demand • Shift factors affecting C, I, G, Xn • 2 components involved • Change in one of the determinants • Multiplier effect LO1 29-4 Price level Changes in Aggregate Demand AD2 AD3 AD1 0 Real domestic output, GDP LO1 29-5 Consumer Spending • Consumer wealth • Household borrowing • Consumer expectations • Personal taxes LO1 29-6 Investment Spending • Real interest rates • Expected returns • Expectations about future business conditions • Technology • Degree of excess capacity • Business taxes LO1 29-7 Government Spending • Government spending increases • Aggregate demand increases (as • LO1 long as interest rates and tax rates do not change) • More transportation projects Government spending decreases • Aggregate demand decreases • Less military spending 29-8 Net Export Spending • National income abroad • Exchange rates • Dollar depreciation • Dollar appreciation LO1 29-9 Aggregate Supply • Total real output produced at each • LO2 price level Relationship depends on time horizon • Immediate short run • Short run • Long run 29-10 AS: Immediate Short Run Price level Immediate-short-run aggregate supply P1 0 ASISR Qf Real domestic output, GDP LO2 29-11 Aggregate Supply: Short Run AS Price level Aggregate supply (short run) 0 Qf Real domestic output, GDP LO2 29-12 Aggregate Supply: Long Run Price level ASLR Long-run aggregate supply 0 Qf Real domestic output, GDP LO2 29-13 Changes in Aggregate Supply • Determinants of aggregate supply • Shift factors • Collectively position the AS curve • Changes raise or lower per-unit production costs LO2 29-14 Changes in Aggregate Supply AS3 AS1 Price level AS2 0 Real domestic output, GDP LO2 29-15 Input Prices • Domestic resource prices • Labor • Capital • Land • Prices of imported resources • Imported oil • Exchange rates LO2 29-16 Productivity • Real output per unit of input • Increases in productivity reduce costs • Decreases in productivity increase costs Productivity = Per-unit production cost LO2 total output total inputs = total input cost total output 29-17 Legal-Institutional Environment • Legal changes alter per-unit costs of output • Taxes and subsidies • Extent of government regulation LO2 29-18 Price level (index numbers) Equilibrium AS 100 a 92 b Real Output Demanded (Billions) Price Level (Index Number) Real Output Supplied (Billions) $506 108 $513 508 104 512 510 100 510 512 96 507 514 92 502 AD 0 502 510 514 Real domestic output, GDP (billions of dollars) LO3 29-19 AD Increases: Demand-Pull Inflation Price level AS P2 P1 AD2 AD1 0 Qf Q1 Q2 Real domestic output, GDP LO4 29-20 Decreases in AD: Recession Price level AS P1 P2 b a c AD1 AD2 0 Q1 Q2 Qf Real domestic output, GDP LO4 29-21 Decreases in AD: Recession • Prices are downwardly inflexible • Fear of price wars • Menu costs • Wage contracts • Efficiency wages • Minimum wage law LO4 29-22 Decreases in AS: Cost-Push Inflation Price level AS2 AS1 b P2 P1 a AD 0 Q1 Qf Real domestic output, GDP LO4 29-23 Increases in AS: Full-Employment Price level AS1 P3 P2 P1 AS2 b c a AD2 AD1 0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Real domestic output, GDP LO4 29-24 Impact of Oil Prices Diminished? • 1970’s • Reduced AS and negative GDP gap • Cost-push inflation • Rising unemployment • 2000’s • Core inflation steady • Use 50% less oil and gas today • Federal Reserve more vigilant 29-25