Lecture Notes on ``Sequential Circuits Synthesis`` (PPT Slides)

Transcript Lecture Notes on ``Sequential Circuits Synthesis`` (PPT Slides)

ENGG3190 Logic Synthesis “Sequential Circuit Synthesis”

Winter 2014 S. Areibi School of Engineering University of Guelph

Outline

• Modeling synchronous circuits – State-based models.

– Structural models.

• State-based optimization methods – State minimization.

• State minimization for completely specified machines • State minimization for incompletely specified machines.

–

State encoding

•

State encoding for two-level logic

•

State encoding for multiple-level logic

•

Structural-based optimization methods

–

Retiming

Combinational vs. Sequential Circuits

1. Combinational logic are very interesting and useful for designing arithmetic circuits (adders, multipliers) or in other words the Data Path of a computer.



Combinational circuits cannot remember what happened in the past (i.e. outputs are a function of current inputs).

2. In certain cases we might need to store some info before we proceed with our computation or take action based on a certain state that happened in the past.



Sequential circuits are capable of storing information between operations.



They are useful in designing registers, counters, and CONTROL Circuits, …

Types of Sequential Circuits

Two main types and their classification depends on the times at which their inputs are observed and their internal state changes.

 Synchronous : State changes synchronized by one or more clocks  Asynchronous : Changes occur independently 4

What are Sequential Circuits?

Some sequential circuits have memory elements.

– – Synchronous circuits have clocked latches. Asynchronous circuits may or may not have latches (e.g. C-elements), but these are not clocked .

Feedback (cyclic) is a necessary , but not sufficient condition for a circuit to be sequential.

Synthesis of sequential circuits is not as well developed as combinational. (only small circuits) Sequential synthesis techniques are not really used in commercial software (except maybe retiming). Sequential verification is a problem.

Synchronous/Asynchronous

Time Analog Digital

Asynchronous Synchronous Continuous in value & time Discrete in value & continuous in time Discrete in value & time 6

Comparison

 Synchronous  Easier to analyze because can factor out gate delays  Speed of the system is determined by the clock (maybe slowed!)  Asynchronous  Potentially faster  Harder to analyze

We will only look at Synchronous Circuits

Example

in1 in2 in3 in4 out 1

---1/1 0

Present State

Latch

Next State

Registers and Latches (Netlist)  1 State Transition Graph (STG) The above circuit is sequential since primary output depends on the

state

and primary inputs.

Analysis of Sequential Circuits



The behavior of a sequential circuit is determined from:

 Inputs,  Outputs,  Present state of the circuit.



The analysis of a sequential circuit consists of:

 Obtaining a suitable description that demonstrates the time sequence of inputs, outputs and states (STATE DIAGRAM).

Derive Input Equations

Can describe inputs to FF with logic equations

J A

 (



Y C

)

K A

 (

Y B



) 10

State Table

  Similar to truth table with state added A sequential circuit with `m’ FFs and `n’ inputs needs 2 m+n rows in state table.

D A

 (



)

D B



A X Y

 (



11 )

State Diagram

•

An alternative representation to State Table

Input/Output

Input Output

“Mealy Model”

State Diagram: Moore

Alternative representation for state table

Inputs State/Output 13

Sequential Circuit Types

Moore model – outputs depend on states only.

Mealy model – outputs depend on inputs & states

Moore vs. Mealy Machine

 

Moore Machine:

Easy to understand and easy to code.

 Might requires more states (thus more hardware).

 

Mealy Machine:

They are more general than Moore Machines  More complex since outputs are a function of both the state and input.

 Requires less states in most cases, therefore less components.

 Choice of a model depends on the application and personal preference.

 You can transform a Mealy Machine to a Moore Machine and vice versa.

Design Procedure

  Design starts from a specification and results in a logic diagram or a list of Boolean functions.

The

steps

to be followed are: Derive a state diagram

Reduce the number of states (Optimization) Assign binary values to the states (encoding) (Optimization)

Obtain the binary coded state table Choose the type of flip flops to be used Derive the simplified flip flop input equations and output equations Draw the logic diagram 16

Synthesis Example

•

Implement simple count sequence

: 000, 010, 011, 101, 110 • Derive the state transition table from the state transition diagram 101 010 011 100 110

1 1 1 1 Present State C B A 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 x Next State C+ B+ x x 1 1 x x 0 1 1 1 0 x 0 1 0 x A+ x x 1 0 note the don't care conditions that arise from the unused state codes

Don’t cares in FSMs (cont’d)

• Synthesize logic for next state functions derive input equations for flip-flops

C + A X X 1 1 B 1 X C 0 0 B + A X X 0 1 B 0 X C + = B B + = A + B’ C C 1 1 A + = A’ C’ + AC A + A X X 1 0 B 0 X C 0 1

• • Some states are not reachable!! Since they are don’t cares.

Can we fix this problem?

Self-starting FSMs

•

Deriving state transition table from don't care assignment C + A 0 0 1 1 B 1 1 C 0 0 B + A 1 1 0 1 B 0 1 C 1 1 0 0 1 1 Present State C B A 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 Next State C+ B+ 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 x A+ 1 0 1 A + A 1 0 1 0 B 0 1 C 0 1

Self-starting FSMs

• • Start-up states – at power-up, FSM may be in an used or invalid state –

design must guarantee that it (eventually) enters a valid state

Self-starting solution – design FSM so that all the invalid states eventually state may limit exploitation of don't cares transition to a valid 111 001 010 100 101 000 011 110 20

Modeling Synchronous Circuits

• • State-based model – Model circuits as finite-state machines.

– – Represented by state tables/diagrams.

Lacks a direct relation between state manipulation and corresponding area and delay variations.

–

You can Apply

• exact/heuristic algorithms for State minimization.

• State encoding.

Structural-based models – Represent circuit by synchronous logic network.

–

You can Apply

• Retiming.

• Logic transformations (recall Multi Level Synthesis Transformations!!) •

State transition diagrams can be:

–

Transformed into synchronous logic networks by state encoding.

–

Recovered from synchronous logic networks by state extraction.

General Logic Structure

Combinational logic (CL) Sequential elements • Combinational optimization – keep latches/registers at current positions, keep their function – optimize combinational logic in between • Sequential optimization – change latch position/function (retiming) 22

Overview of FSM Optimization

Specification State Minimization State Encoding Logic/Timing Optimization

State-Based Models:

Optimization

Overview of FSM Optimization

Initial:

FSM description

1. provided

by the designer as a state table

2. extracted

from netlist

3. derived

from HDL description • • obtained as a by-product of high-level synthesis translate to netlist, extract from netlist

State minimization

: Combine

equivalent

states to reduce the number of states. For most cases, minimizing the states results in smaller logic, though this is

not always true

State assignment

: Assign a unique

binary

code to each state. The logic structure depends on the assignment, thus this should be done optimally .

Minimization of a node:

in an FSM network

Decomposition/factoring:

of FSMs, collapsing/elimination

Sequential redundancy removal:

using ATPG techniques

Formal Finite-State Machine Model

• • • • • • Defined by the quintuple (  ,  ,

,  ,  ).

A set of primary

inputs

patterns  .

A set of primary

outputs

patterns  .

A set of

states S

A state transition function –  :  



output function

– –  :   :

 

   for Mealy models for Moore models.

State Minimization

• • •

Definition: Derive a FSM with similar behavior and minimum number of states.

– Aims at reducing the number of machine states – reduces the size of transition table.

State reduction

may reduce

? – the number of storage elements.

– the combinational logic due to reduction in transitions

Types: 1.

• • Completely specified finite-state machines No don't care conditions.

Easy to solve.

• • Incompletely specified finite-state machines

Unspecified transitions and/or outputs

Intractable problem.

Redundant States: Minimization

0/0

S 1 S 2

1/1 1/1 0/0 1/1 0/0 0/0

S 1

1/1 1/1 0/0 1/0 0/0

S 3 S 4

0/0

S 3

1/0

S 4 • Can you distinguish between State S 1 • States S 1 , S 2 seem to be

equivalent

and S 2 ?

• Hence we can reduce the machine accordingly 28

State Minimization for Completely-Specified FSMs

• • • Def: Equivalent states – Given any input sequence the corresponding output sequences match.

Theorem: Two states are equivalent iff I.

they lead to identical outputs and II. their next-states are equivalent .

Since equivalence is symmetric – and

transitive

States can be partitioned into equivalence classes.

– Such a partition is unique.

•

Equivalent States

Two states of an FSM are: –

equivalent

(or

indistinguishable

) – if for each input they produce the same output and their next states are identical.

and

are equivalent and merged into a single state

1/0

Sm Sm 1/0 0/0 1/0

Si,j

0/0

Sn Sn 0/0 30

Algorithmic State Minimization

• Goal equivalent behavior – – identify and combine states that have Reduced machine is smaller, faster, consumes less power.

• Algorithm Sketch 1. Place all states in one set 2. Initially partition set based on output behavior 3. Successively partition resulting subsets based on next state transitions 4. Repeat (3) until no further partitioning is required • states left in the same set are equivalent Polynomial time procedure

Equivalent States … Cont

• Example: States A . . . I, Inputs I1, I2, Output, Z

A and D are equivalent

A and E produce same output

Q: Can they be equivalent?

A: Yes, if B and D were equivalent and C and G were equivalent .

Present state F G H I A B C D E Next state, output (Z) Input I1 I2 D / 0 E / 1 H / 1 D / 0 B / 0 H / 1 A / 0 C / 0 G / 1 C / 1 A / 1 D / 1 C / 1 G / 1 D /1 F / 1 A / 1 H / 1 32

Minimization Algorithm

• • • • • Stepwise partition refinement.

Let  i , i= 1, 2, …., n denote the partitions.

Initially –  1 = States belong to the same block when outputs are the same for any input.

Refine partition blocks: While further splitting is possible –  k+1 = States belong to the same block if they were previously in the same block and their next-states are in the same block of  k for any input.

At convergence   i+1 =  i – Blocks identify equivalent states.

Example …

• • • •  1 = {( s1, s2 ), ( s3, s4 ), (s5)}.

Split s3, s4  2 = {(s1, s2), (s3), (s4), (s5)}.

 2 = is a partition into equivalence classes – States (s1, s2) are equivalent.

… Cont .. Example …

Original FSM Minimal FSM

… Example

Original FSM

{OUT_0} = IN_0 LatchOut_v1' + IN_0 LatchOut_v3' + IN_0' LatchOut_v2' v4.0 = IN_0 LatchOut_v1' + LatchOut_v1' LatchOut_v2' v4.1 = IN_0' LatchOut_v2 LatchOut_v3 + IN_0' LatchOut_v2' v4.2 = IN_0 LatchOut_v1' + IN_0' LatchOut_v1 + IN_0' LatchOut_v2 LatchOut_v3

sis> print_stats

pi= 1 po= 1 nodes= 4 latches= 3 lits(sop)= 22 #states(STG)= 5

Minimal FSM

{OUT_0} = IN_0 LatchOut_v1' + IN_0 LatchOut_v2 + IN_0' LatchOut_v2' v3.0 = IN_0 LatchOut_v1' + LatchOut_v1' LatchOut_v2‘ v3.1 = IN_0' LatchOut_v1' + IN_0' LatchOut_v2'

sis> print_stats

pi= 1 po= 1 nodes= 3 latches= 2 lits(sop)= 14 #states(STG)= 4 36

State Minimization Example

•

Sequence Detector for 010 or 110

Input Sequence Reset 0 1 00 01 10 11 Present State X=0 Next State X=1 S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S1 S3 S5 S0 S0 S0 S0 S2 S4 S6 S0 S0 S0 S0 X=0 Output X=1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0/0 0/0 S1 1/0 S0 1/0 0/0 S2 1/0 S3 0/0 S4 1/0 0/1 S5 1/0 0/0 S6 1/0 0/1 1/0

Method of Successive Partitions

Input Sequence Reset 0 1 00 01 10 11 Present State X=0 Next State X=1 S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S1 S3 S5 S0 S0 S0 S0 S2 S4 S6 S0 S0 S0 S0 ( S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 ) ( S0 S1 S2 S3 S5 ) ( S4 S6 ) ( S0 S1 S2 ) ( S3 S5 ) ( S4 S6 ) ( S0 ) ( S1 S2 ) ( S3 S5 ) ( S4 S6 ) X=0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Output X=1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 S1 is equivalent to S2 S3 is equivalent to S5 S4 is equivalent to S6

Minimized FSM State minimized sequence detector for 010 or 110

Input Sequence Reset 0 + 1 X0 X1 Next State Present State X=0 X=1 S0 S1' S3' S4' S1' S3' S0 S0 S1' S4' S0 S0 X=0 Output X=1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 S0 X/0 0/0 S3’ X/0 S1’ 0/1 1/0 S4’ 1/0

Computational Complexity

• Polynomially-bound algorithm.

• • There can be at most |S| partition refinements.

Each refinement requires considering each state – Complexity O(|S| 2 ).

• Actual time may depend upon – Data-structures.

– Implementation details.

I B C D E F H G

EH AD √ BD CG EH AD AD CF CD AC EG AH

A B

Implication Table Method

√ BD CG AD CF CD AC AB FG BC AG AC AF Present state A B C D E F G H I Next state, output (Z) I1 D / 0 Input E / 1 I2 C / 1 A / 1 H / 1 D / 0 B / 0 H / 1 A / 0 C / 0 G / 1 D / 1 C / 1 G / 1 D / 1 F /1 A / 1 H / 1 GH DH

C D E

GH DH

F G H

Implication Table Method (Cont.)

B I C D E F H G

Equivalent states:

EH AD √ BD CG EH AD AD CF CD AC EG AH A B √ GH DH C BD CG AD CF CD AC AB FG BC AG D E S1: S2: S3: S4: GH DH F AC AF G H I A, D, G B, C, F E, H 42

Minimized State Table

G H I A B E F C D Present state

Original

Next state, output (Z) I1 D / 0 Input E / 1 I2 C / 1 A / 1 H / 1 D / 0 B / 0 H / 1 A / 0 C / 0 G / 1 D / 1 C / 1 G / 1 D / 1 F / 1 A / 1 H / 1 Present state S1 = (A, D, G) S2 = (B, C, F) S3 = (E, H) S4 = I

Minimized

Next state, output (Z) I1 S1 / 0 S3 / 1 Input I2 S2 / 1 S1 / 1 S2 / 0 S1 / 1 S1 / 1 S3 / 1

Number of flip-flops is reduced from 4 to 2.

Incompletely Specified Machines

• • • • • Next state and output functions have don’t cares . However, for an implementation,  and  are functions , – thus they are uniquely defined for each input and state combination.

Don’t cares arise when some combinations are of no interest: – they will not occur or – their outputs will not be observed For these, the next state or output may not be specified. – (In this case,  and  are relations , but of special type. We should make sure we want these as don’t cares.) Such machines are called

incompletely specified

… State Minimization for Incompletely Specified FSMs

• • • Minimum finite-state machine is not unique .

Implication relations make problem intractable.

Example – Replace * by 1.

• {(s1, s2), (s3), (s4), (s5)}.

Minimized to 4 states 45

… State Minimization for Incompletely Specified FSMs

• • Minimum finite-state machine is not unique .

Example – Replace * by 0.

• {(s1, s5), (s2, s3, s4)}.

0 0 It is now completely specified Unfortunately, there is an exponential number of completely specified FSMs in correspondence to the choice of the don’t care values!!

Example

1/1 s 1 s 2 0/0 1/1 1/ s 1 s 2 0/0 0/ 1/ added transitions to all states and output any value 0/ s 1 1/1 0/ s 2 0/0 d -/ added dummy non-accepting state 1/ By adding a

dummy

state this can be converted to a machine with only the output incompletely specified. Could also specify

“error”

as the output when transitioning to the dummy state. Alternatively

(better for optimization),

can interpret undefined next state as allowing any next state .

• •

State Encoding

Binary and Gray encoding use the minimum number of bits for state register

Gray and Johnson code:

–

Two adjacent codes differ by only one bit

•

Reduce simultaneous switching

–

Reduce crosstalk

# –

Reduce glitch

Binary

000

Gray

000

Johnson

0000 1 2 3 001 010 011 001 011 010 0001 0011 0111 4 5 6 7 100 101 110 111 110 111 101 100 1111 1110 1100 1000

One-hot

00000001 00000010 00000100 00001000 00010000 00100000 01000000 10000000 48

State Encoding

• • • The cost & delay of FSM implementation depends on encoding of symbolic states.

– e.g., 4 states can be encoded in 4! = 24 different ways There are more than n! different encodings for n states.

– exploration of all encodings is impossible, therefore heuristics are used Heuristics Used:

1. One-hot encoding 2. minimum-bit change 3. prioritized adjacency

One-hot Encoding

• • Uses redundant encoding in which one flip-flop is assigned to each state.

Each state is distinguishable by its own flip-flop having a value of 1 while all others have a value of 0.

S = 0 A S = 1 B Z = 1 Z = 0 C A 0 S 0 B C 00 1 Z 1 01 10 50

• •

Minimum-bit Change

Assigns codes to states so that the total number of bit changes for all state transitions is minimized.

In other words, if every arc in the state diagram has a weight that is equal to the number of bits by which the source and destination encoding differ, this strategy would select the one that minimizes the sum of all these weights.

Encoding with 6 bit changes Encoding with 4 bit changes

The Idea of Adjacency

• • • • Inputs are A and B State variables are Y1 and Y2 An output is F(A, B, Y1, Y2) A next state function is G(A, B, Y1, Y2) A

Karnaugh map of output function or next state function

1 1 1 Y1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Y2  Larger clusters produce smaller logic function.

 Clustered minterms differ in one variable.

1 1 B 52

Size of an Implementation

• • Number of product terms determines number of gates .

Number of literals in a product term determines number of gate inputs , which is proportional to number of transistors.

• • Hardware

α

(total number of literals) Examples of four minterm functions: • • F1 F2 = ABCD +  A  B  C  D +  A  BCD +  AB  CD has 16 literals = ABC +  A  CD has 6 literals 53

Rule 1 (Priority #1), Common Dest

States that have the same next state for some fixed input should be assigned logically adjacent codes .

0/1, 1/1

S 0 S 3 Fixed Inputs Si Sj Present state

0/0 1/0 0/0

S 1 S 2 Combinational logic Flip flops

Rule #1: (S 1 , S 2 ) The input value of 0 will move both states into the same state S 3

Outputs Sk Next state Clock Clear

0/1

Rule 2 (Priority #2), A Common Source

States that are the next states of the same state under logically adjacent inputs, should be assigned logically adjacent codes .

Adjacent Inputs I1 I2 Combinational logic Outputs Fixed present state Si Sk Sm Next state Flip flops Clock Clear

0/1, 1/1

S 0

0/0 1/0 0/0

S 1

Rule #2: (S 1 , S 2 ) They are both next states of the state S 0

S 3 S 2

0/1

Rule 3 (Priority #3), A Common Output

States that have the same output value for the same input value , should be assigned logically adjacent codes .

Adjacent Inputs I1 I2 Outputs Combinational logic Fixed present state Si Sk Sm Next state Flip flops

0/1, 1/1

S 0 S 3

0/0 1/0 0/1 0/0

S 1 S 2

Rule #3: (S 0 , S 1 ), and (S 2 , S 3 ), states S 0 and S 1 have the same output value 0 for the same input value 0 0/1, 1/1 01

00 Clock Clear

0/0 11 1/0 0/0 10 0/1

Example of State Assignment

Present state A B C D Next state, output (Z) Input, X 0 1 C, 0 C, 0 B, 0 A, 1 D, 0 A, 0 D, 0 B, 1

A adj C (Rule 1) C adj D (Rule 2)

0 1 0 1 A B C D 0/1 D 1/0

Verify that BC and AD are not adjacent.

1/0 0/0 1/1 A C 0/0 1/0 B 0/0

B adj D (Rule 2) A adj B (Rule 1)

Present state Y1, Y2 A = 00 B = 01 C = 10 D = 11

State Assignment #1

A = 00, B = 01, C = 10, D = 11 Next state, output Y1*Y2*, Z Input, X 0 1 10 / 0 10 / 0 01 / 0 00 / 1 11 / 0 00 / 0 11 / 0 01 / 1 Input Present state 0 0 X 0 1 1 0 1 1 Y1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 Y2 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 Output Z 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 Next state Y1* 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 Y2* 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 58

Logic Minimization for Optimum State Assignment

X Y2 1 Y1 1

Y1*

Y2 1 1

Y2*

X 1 1 1 1 Y1 X 1 1

Result: 5 products, 10 literals.

Y2 Y1 59

Circuit for Optimum State Assignment

Z Combinational logic Y1* Y2* Y1  Y1 Y2  Y2 32 transistors CLEAR CK 60

Using an Arbitrary State Assignment: A = 00, B = 01, C = 11, D = 10

Present state Y1, Y2 A = 00 B = 01 C = 11 D = 10 Next state, output Y1*Y2*, Z Input, X 0 1 11 / 0 11 / 0 01 / 0 00 / 1 10 / 0 00 / 0 10 / 0 01 / 1 Input Present state 0 0 X 0 1 1 0 1 1 Y1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 Y2 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 Output Z 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 Next state Y1* 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 Y2* 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 61

Logic Minimization for Arbitrary State Assignment

Y1*

1 1 1 Y2 Y2 1 Y1

Y2*

Current Result: 6 products, 14 literals.

Y2 1 1 Y1 X 1 1 Y1 1

Previous Result: 5 products, 10 literals.

Circuit for Arbitrary State Assignment

Comb.

logic Z Y1* Y2* 42 transistors Y1  Y1 Y2  Y2 CLEAR CK 63

• 1.

Best Encoding Strategy

To determine the encoding with the

minimum cost

and delay, we need to: Generate K-Maps for the next-state and output functions Derive excitation equations from the next-state map.

Derive output equations from the output function map.

Implement above equations using two level NAND gates.

Calculate cost and delay 64

Optimizing Sequential Circuits by Retiming Netlist of Gates

Netlist of gates and registers:

Inputs

Various Goals: – Reduce clock cycle time – Reduce area • Reduce number of latches

Outputs

Retiming

Problem – Pure combinational optimization can be disregarded Solutions myopic since relations across register boundaries are – – Retiming : Move register(s) so that • • clock cycle decreases, or number of registers decreases and input-output behavior is preserved RnR • : Combine retiming with combinational optimization techniques Move latches out of the way temporarily • optimize larger blocks of combinational 66

Synchronous Logic Network …

• Synchronous Logic Network – Variables.

– Boolean equations.

– Synchronous delay annotation.

• Synchronous network graph – – – Vertices  equations  I/O , gates.

Edges  dependencies  Weights  synch. delays nets.

 registers.

Circuit Representation

Circuit representation: G(V,E,d,w) – – – – V  E  set of gates set of wires d(v) = delay of gate/vertex v, (d(v)  0) w(e) = number of registers on edge e, (w(e)  0) 68

… Synchronous Logic Network

Circuit Representation

Example: Correlator (from Leiserson and Saxe) (simplified) Host  +   (x, y) = 1 if x=y 0 otherwise a Circuit b Every cycle in Graph has at least one register i.e. no combinational loops.

7 0 0 0 0 2 3 3 0 Retiming Graph (Directed) Operation delay  3 + 7 70

Preliminaries

For a path

v k

 1

e k

 1 

v k d

(

)

(

)  



i k

  0 1

  0

(

v i w

(

e i

) (includes ) endpoints)

Path weight Clock cycle

 max { ( )}

p w p d p

0 0 2 0 7 3

Path Delay

0 3 0 Path with w(p)=0 For correlator c = 13 71

• •

Basic Operation

Movement of registers from input to output of a gate or vice versa A positive value corresponds to shifting registers from the outputs to inputs Retime by -1 Retime by +1 • • • This should not affect gate functionality's Mathematical formulation:

A retiming of a network G(V,E,W) is:

– r : V  Z,

an integer vertex labeling

, that transforms G(V,E,W) into G’(V,E,W’), where for each edge e=(u,v), the weight after retiming w r (e) is given by: – w r (e) = w(e) + r(v) - r(u) for edge e = (u,v) 72

Summary

 

Sequential Logic Synthesis is an important phase of the Front End Tool for VLSI Circuits.

Optimization of Sequential Circuits involves:

  

State Minimization State Encoding Retiming



State Minimization may be applied to completely specified Machines or Incompletely specified Machines.



State Encoding utilizes different heuristics to further minimize the logic



Retiming plays an important role in reducing the latency of the circuit.