Transcript Chapter 5: Barriers

CHAPTER 5
Barriers to Recreation Participation
BARRIER VS. CONSTRAINTS
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Stop or inhibit participation
Move to concept of constraints over last couple of
decades
MOST COMMON CONSTRAINTS??
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What constraints do you experience in your
leisure participation?
2 most often cited by general population??
HIERARCHICAL TYPOLOGY OF
CONSTRAINTS (CRAWFORD AND GODBEY)
Intrapersonal (within person: fear, lack of
confidence, lack of energy, etc.)
 Interpersonal (between people: time schedules,
different interests, lack of someone with whom to
participate, etc.)
 Structural (outside of person: lack of accessibility,
attitude, etc.)
 Must solve intrapersonal, interpersonal, and then
structural (order)
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CONSTRAINTS NEGOTIATION (JACKSON,
CRAWFORD, AND GODBEY, 1993)
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People negotiate constraints—participation is not
necessarily stopped or inhibited
Constraint Negotiation Strategies:
behavioral (approx 90 – 95 percent)
 cognitive (approx 5 – 10 percent)
 combination of both strategies
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CONSTRAINTS AND PWD
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PWD experience same/similar constraints as do
persons without disabilities; however, pwd may
experience these constraints in an intensified
manner and may have additional constraints
specifically related to disability
TYPES OF BARRIERS
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Intrinsic Barriers are constraints that result
from an individual’s own physical, emotional, or
cognitive limitations.
Environmental Barriers are composed of many
external forces that are imposed on the
individual by societal or natural conditions.
INTRINSIC BARRIERS
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Lack of Knowledge
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Individuals are unable to recognize their maximum
level of leisure functioning because they lack
essential knowledge of programs, facilities, and other
recreation/leisure resources.
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Why/How does this happen?
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Solutions?
INTRINSIC BARRIERS
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Social Ineffectiveness
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Individuals display ineffective social skills and
inappropriate behavior in social situations
due to
parental overprotection, segregation from peers
without disabilities, and inadequate feedback on
social situations.
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Results in a depression/isolation/depression cycle
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Solutions?
INTRINSIC BARRIERS
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Health Problems
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Some types of disabilities present recurring health
problems which can make participation in certain
activities very limited.
Does every person with a disability have healthrelated problems?
 Contraindications
 Solutions?
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INTRINSIC BARRIERS
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Physical and Psychological Dependency
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Occurs when persons with disabilities do not achieve
independent functioning, not due to the actual impact of their
disability, but to “learning” to be dependent by being
overprotected and/or over assisted by others
Physical dependence occurs when someone does “too” much
for persons with disabilities—tasks the he or she could do
for him/herself
Psychological dependence becomes “internalized
oppression” and does not foster initiative, creative thought,
risk-taking, and perseverance in action
Learned helplessness results
Can be specific or global
INTRINSIC BARRIERS
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Skill/Challenge Gap
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Occurs when the challenge presented by an activity
does not match the skills of the participant
If challenge is high and skill is low: anxiety
occurs
 If challenge is low and skills are high: boredom
occurs
 Why/How does this occur specific to persons with
disabilities?
 Solutions?
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ENVIRONMENTAL BARRIERS
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Attitudinal Barriers
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Behaviors, which may be exhibited by family, friends, or
strangers, are broken down into three categories:
Negative behaviors inform the individual that he or she has
less value than a person who does not have a disability.
2) Paternalistic behaviors occur when people treat
adolescents/adults with a disability like they are children.
3) Apathetic behaviors take place when people without a
disability do not portray feelings of sympathy, understanding,
or caring toward people who have a disability.
1)
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Which behaviors can be changed?
ENVIRONMENTAL BARRIERS
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Architectural Barriers
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Structures such as buildings and walkways that
present an obstacle for people with disabilities.
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Solution?
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Ecological Barriers
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Physical obstacles, such as hills, trees, sand, and
rain, that occur in the natural environment.
Solutions?
ENVIRONMENTAL BARRIERS
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Transportation Barriers
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The lack of usable/affordable transportation for
individuals with a disability can prevent individuals
from participating in community resources.
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Solutions?
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Economic Barriers
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Financial restrictions caused by limited job
opportunities, low-paying positions, and high cost
for special transportation and assistance for people
with disabilities.
Solutions?
ENVIRONMENTAL BARRIERS
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Rules and Regulations Barrier
When existing rules and regulations of an agency
inhibit or stop recreation participation by persons
with disabilities
 Examples in text
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Solutions?
ENVIRONMENTAL BARRIERS
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Barriers of Omission
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Failure of society to provide for the needs of
individuals who have disabilities.
Failure to provide accessible facilities, failure to
advertise programs, failure to make
accommodations, etc.
 Solutions?
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