Transcript a PowerPoint Presentation of Module 49
Psychological Disorders
PowerPoint® Presentation
by Jim Foley © 2013 Worth Publishers
Module 49: Mood Disorders
Mood Disorders
Major depressive disorder [MDD] is: more than just feeling “down.” more than just feeling sad about something.
Bipolar disorder is: more than “mood swings.” depression plus the problematic overly “up” mood called “mania.”
Criteria of Major Depressive Disorders
Major depressive disorder is not just one of these symptoms.
It is one or both of the first two, PLUS three or more of the rest.
Depressed mood most of the day, and/or Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities
Significant increase or decrease in appetite or weight Insomnia, sleeping too much, or disrupted sleep Lethargy, or physical agitation Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day Worthlessness, or excessive/inappropriate guilt Daily problems in thinking, concentrating, and/or making decisions Recurring thoughts of death and suicide
Major Depression: Not Just a Depressive Reaction
Some people make an unfair criticism of themselves or others with major depression: “There is nothing to be depressed about.” If someone with asthma has an attack, do we say, “what do you have to be gasping about?” It is bad enough to have MDD that persists even under “good” circumstances. Don’t add criticism by implying the depression is an exaggerated response.
Depression is Everywhere
Depression shows up in people seeking treatment: Phobias are the most common (frequently experienced) disorder, but depression is the #1 reason people seek mental health services.
Depression appears worldwide: Per year, depressive episodes happen to about 6 percent of men and about 9 percent of women. Over the course of a lifetime, 12 percent of Canadians and 17 percent of Americans experience depression.
Depression: The “Common Cold” of Disorders?
Although both are “common” (occurring frequently and pervasively), comparing depression to a cold doesn’t work. Depression: is more dangerous because of suicide risk.
has fewer observable symptoms.
is more lasting than a cold, and is less likely to go away just with time.
is much less contagious.
And…depressive pain is beyond sniffles.
Seasonal Affective Disorder [SAD]
Seasonal affective disorder is more than simply disliking winter.
Seasonal affective disorder involves a recurring seasonal pattern of depression, usually during winter’s short, dark, cold days.
Survey: “Have you cried today”? Result: More people answer “yes” in winter.
August December
Percentage who cried Men Women 4 8 7 21
Amanda ’ s therapist suggests that her depression results from mistakenly blaming herself rather than a slumping economy for her recent job loss. Her therapist ’ s suggestion best illustrates a: A. DSM V diagnosis.
B. psychoanalytic perspective.
C. medical model.
D. social-cognitive perspective.
Elaine feels that her life is empty. She has lost all interest in her career and hobbies, and wonders if she would be better off dead. She is most likely suffering from: A. a dissociative identity disorder.
B. a generalized anxiety disorder.
C. an antisocial personality disorder.
D. a mood disorder.
Which of the following is TRUE?
A. Compared to all other nations, the U.S. has the highest rate of suicide.
B. Men commit suicide more often than women do.
C. Suicide rates in the U.S. are lowest among the elderly.
D. African Americans commit suicide more often than do whites.
Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder was once called “manic-depressive disorder.” Bipolar disorder’s two polar opposite moods are depression and mania.
Mania
refers to a period of
hyper-elevated mood that is euphoric, giddy, easily irritated, hyperactive, impulsive, overly optimistic, and even grandiose.
Contrasting Symptoms
Depressed mood
: stuck feeling “down,” with: exaggerated pessimism social withdrawal lack of felt pleasure inactivity and no initiative difficulty focusing fatigue and excessive desire to sleep
Mania
: euphoric, giddy, easily irritated, with: exaggerated optimism hypersociality and sexuality delight in everything impulsivity and overactivity racing thoughts; the mind won’t settle down little desire for sleep
Bipolar Disorder and Creative Success
Many famous and successful people have lived with the ups and downs of bipolar disorder. Some speculate that the depressive periods gave them ideas, and the manic episodes gave them creative energy. Any evidence of mood swings here?
Bipolar Disorder in Children and Adolescents
Does bipolar disorder show up before adulthood, and even before puberty?
Many young people have cycles from depression to extended rage rather than mania.
The DSM-V may have a new diagnosis for these kids: disruptive
mood dysregulation disorder.
Understanding Mood Disorders
Why are mood disorders so pervasive, and more common among the young, and especially among women?
Why Does Depression Have so Many Symptoms?
Understanding Mood Disorders Can we explain…
why does depression often go away on its own?
the course/development of reactive depression? Often, time heals a mood disorder, especially when the mood issue is in reaction to a stressful event. However, a significant proportion of people with major depressive disorder do not automatically or easily get better with time.
Suicide and Self-Injury
Every year, 1 million people commit suicide, giving up on the process of trying to cope and improve their emotional well-being. This can happen when people feel frustrated, trapped, isolated, ineffective, and see no end to these feelings.
Non-suicidal self-injury
has other functions such as sending a message, or self-punishment. Those with alcohol dependence are roughly 100 times more likely to commit suicide; some 3 percent of them do.
Suicide rates are much higher among the rich, the nonreligious, and those who are single, widowed, or divorced
Understanding Mood Disorders
Biological aspects and explanations
Evolutionary Genetic Brain /Body
Social-cognitive aspects and explanations
Negative thoughts and negative mood Explanatory style The vicious cycle
An Evolutionary Perspective on the Biology of Depression
Depression, in its milder, non disordered form, may have had survival value.
Under stress, depression is social-emotional hibernation. It allows humans to: conserve energy. avoid conflicts and other risks. let go of unattainable goals. take time to contemplate.
Biology of Depression: Genetics
Evidence of genetic influence on depression: 1. DNA linkage analysis reveals depressed gene regions 2. twin/adoption heritability studies
Biology of Depression: The Brain
Brain
activity
mania.
is diminished in depression and increased in Brain
structure
: smaller frontal lobes in depression and fewer axons in bipolar disorder Brain cell communication (neurotransmitters): more norepinephrine (arousing) in mania, less in depression reduced serotonin in depression
Preventing or Reducing Depression:
Using Knowledge of the Biology of Depression
1. Adjust neurotransmitters with medication.
2. Increase serotonin levels with exercise.
3. Reduce brain inflammation with a healthy diet (especially olive and fish oils).
4. Prevent excessive alcohol use .
Understanding Mood Disorders:
The Social-Cognitive Perspective
Low Self Esteem
Discounting positive information and assuming the
worst about self, situation, and the future
Learned Helplessness
Self-defeating beliefs such as
assuming that one (self) is unable to cope, improve, achieve, or be happy Depression is associated with:
Depressive Explanatory Style Rumination
Stuck focusing on what’s bad
Depressive Explanatory Style
How we analyze bad news predicts mood.
Problematic event: Assumptions about the problem
The problem is: The problem is: The problem is:
Mood/result that goes along with these views:
Depression’s Vicious Cycle
A depressed mood may develop when a person with a negative outlook experiences repeated stress.
The depressed mood changes a person’s style of thinking and interacting in a way that makes stressful experience more likely.
Brandy, who tends to have a pessimistic explanatory style, learns that she earned a poor grade on her psychology exam. Which attribution is most likely to help her cope without becoming depressed?
A. “ I ’ ll always be a poor student.
” B. “ The teacher gave a particularly hard exam this time.
” C. “ Of course my grade is bad, since I can ’ t do anything right.
” D. “ Once again I proved that I just don ’ t know how to study.
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