Chapter 14: Musculoskeletal System

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Chapter 14 Abbreviations       D.O.

NSAID AKA BKA CR CRIF    disl Fx ORIF          Doctor of Osteopathy nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug above-knee amputation below-knee amputation closed reduction closed reduction internal fixation (fracture treatment) dislocation fracture open reduction internal fixation (surgical fracture treatment)

Chapter 14 Abbreviations          MD OA RA C1, C2 L1, L2 LS T1, T2 EMG ROM          muscular dystrophy osteoarthritis rheumatoid arthritis cervical vertebrae #1, 2, etc.

lumbar vertebrae #1, 2, etc.

lumbosacral thoracic vertebrae #1, 2, etc.

electromyogram range of motion

Chapter 14 Abbreviations      Ortho OT PT Ht Wt      orthopedics occupation therapy physical therapy height weight

Musculoskeletal System  Function  Muscular System – movement, posture, joint stability, and heat production   Skeletal System – provide a framework for the body, protect the soft body parts (i.e. brain), store calcium, and produce blood cells They work together  protect, support, and move the body

Musculoskeletal System  Bone Structure  periosteum  outermost layer of the bone, made up of fibrous tissue  compact bone  dense, hard layers of bone tissue that lie underneath the periostem  cancellous (spongy) bone  contains little spaces like a sponge and is encased in the layers of compact bone  endosteum  membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone

Musculoskeletal System    diaphysis  shaft of the long bones epiphysis  end of each long bone bone marrow  material found in the cavities of bones  red marrow: thick, bloodlike material found in flat bones and the ends of long bones; location of blood cell formation  yellow marrow: soft, fatty material found in the medullary cavity of long bones

Musculoskeletal System Bone Structure

Musculoskeletal System  Skeletal Bones  maxilla  upper jawbone  mandible  lower jawbone  vertebral column  made up of bones called vertebrae (pl.) or vertebra (sing.) through which the spinal cord runs.  protects the spinal cord, supports the head, and provides points of attachment for ribs and muscles

Musculoskeletal System       cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)  first set of 7 bones, forming the neck thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)  second set of 12 vertebrae. They articulate with the 12 pairs of ribs to form the outward curve of the spine lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)  third set of five large vertebrae, which forms the inward curve of the spine sacrum  next five vertebrae, which fuse together to form a triangular bone positioned between the two hip bones coccyx  four vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone lamina (pl. laminae)  part of the vertebral arch

Musculoskeletal System     clavicle  collarbone scapula  should blade  acromion process: extension of the scapula, which forms the high point of the shoulder sternum  breastbone  xiphoid process: lower potion of the sternum humerus  upper arm bones

Musculoskeletal System      ulna and radius  lower arm bones olecranon process  projection at the upper end of the ulna that forms the bony point of the elbow carpal bones  wrist bones metacarpal bones  hand bones phalanges (sing. phalanx)  finger and toe bones

Musculoskeletal System       pelvic bone, hip bone  made up of three bones fused together  ischium: lower, rear portion of which one sits ilium: upper, wing-shaped part of each side pubis: anterior portion of the pelvic bone acetabulum  large socket in the pelvic bone for the head of the femur femur  upper leg bone tibia and fibula  lower leg bones

Musculoskeletal System     patella(pl. patellae)  kneecap tarsal bones  ankle bones calcaneus  heel bone metatarsal  foot bones

Bones of the Body

Musculoskeletal System  Joints (articulations)  Hold bones together  articular cartilage  smooth layer of firm, fibrous tissue covering the contacting surface of joints  meniscus  crescent-shaped cartilage found in the knee  intervertebral disk  cartilaginous pad found between the vertebrae in the spine  pubic symphysis  cartilaginous joint at which two pubic bones come together

Musculoskeletal System      synovia  fluid secreted by the synovial membrane and found in joint cavities bursa (pl. bursae)  fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another ligament  flexible, tough band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches one bone to another at a joint tendon  band of fibrous connective tissue that attches muscle to bone aponeurosis  strong sheet of tissue that acts as a tendon to attach muscles to bones

Body Joints

Musculoskeletal System  Muscles  skeletal muscles (striated muscles)  attached to bones by tendons and make body movement possible. Skeletal muscles produce action by pulling and by working in pairs. Voluntary muscles because we have control over them  smooth muscles (unstriated muscles)  located in internal organs such as the walls of blood vessels and the digestive tract. Involuntary muscles b/c they respond to impulses from the autonomic nerves and are not controlled voluntary

Musculoskeletal System  cardiac muscle (myocardium)  forms most of the wall of the heart. Its involuntary contraction produces the heartbeat

Muscles of the Body

Types of Muscle

Types of Body Movement

Term

     abduction adduction inversion eversion extension     flexion pronation supination rotation    

Definition

     moving away from the midline moving toward the midline turning inward turning outward mvmnt. in which a limb is placed in a straight position mvmnt. in which a limb is bent mvmnt. that turns the palm down mvmnt. that turns the palm up turning around its own axis

Word Parts for the Musculoskeletal System

Combining Form

          carp/o clavic/o, clavicul/o cost/o crani/o femor/o fibul/o humer/o ili/o ischi/o lumbo          

Definition

carpals (wrist bones) clavicle (collarbone) rib cranium (skull) femur (upper leg bone) [note: u  o] fibula (lower leg bone) (also perone/o) humerus (upper arm bone) ilium ischium loin, lumbar region of the spine

Word Parts for the Musculoskeletal System

Combining Form

          mandibul/o maxill/o patell/o pelv/i, pelv/o phalang/o pub/o rachi/o radi/o sacr/o scapul/o          

Definition

mandible (lower jawbone) maxilla (upper jawbone) patella (kneecap) pelvis, pelvic bone phalanges pubis spine, vertebral column radius (lower arm bone) sacrum scapula (shoulder blade)

Word Parts for the Musculoskeletal System

Combining Form

     spondyl/o, vertebr/o stern/o tars/o tibi/o uln/o

Definition

 vertebra     sternum (breastbone) tarsals (ankle bones) tibia (lower leg bone) ulna (lower arm bone)

Word Parts for Joints

Combining Form

        aponeur/o arthr/o burs/o chondr/o disk/o menisc/o synovi/o ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

Definition

        aponeurosis joint bursa (cavity) cartilage intervertebral disk meniscus (crescent) synovia, synovial membrane tendon

Word Parts commonly used with Musculoskeletal

Combining Form

       ankyl/o kinesi/o lamin/o lord/o myel/o my/o, myos/o oste/o

Definition

       crooked, stiff, bent movement, motion lamina (thin, flat plate or layer) bent forward (increased concavity) bone marrow muscle bone

Word Parts for the Musculoskeletal System

Prefix

   inter supra sym-, syn-

Suffix

     -asthenia -clasia, -clasis -desis -physis -schisis

Definition

   between above together, joined

Definition

     weakness break surgical fixation, fusion growth split, fissure

Med Terms (from word parts) [Disease and Disorders]

Definition Term

          ankylosis arthritis bursitis chondromalacia cranioschisis diskitis fibromyalgia kyphosis lordosis maxillitis

Med Terms (from word parts) [Disease and Disorders]

Definition Term

          meniscitis myasthenia osteitis osteoarthritis osteochondritis osteofibriboma osteomalacia osteomyelitis osteopenia osteosarcoma

Med Terms (from word parts) [Disease and Disorders]

Definition Term

         polymyositis rachischisis rhabdomyolysis scoliosis spondylarthritis spondylosis synoviosarcoma tendinitis tenosynovitis

Med Terms ( not from word parts ) [Disease and Disorders]

Term

 bunion  carpal tunnel syndrome  exostosis

Definition

   abnormal prominence of the joint at the base of the great toe.  Common problem, often hereditary or caused by poorly fitted shoes (hallux valgus) a common nerve entrapment disorder of the wrist caused by compression of the median nerve.

 Symptoms include pain and paresthesia in portions of the hand and figures abnormal benign growth on the surface of a bone (spur)

Med Terms ( not from word parts ) [Disease and Disorders]

Term

  fracture gout  herniated disk

Definition

   broken bone disease in which an excessive amount of uric acid in the blood causes sodium urate crystals to be deposited in the joints, especially the great toe, producing arthritis rupture of the intervertebral disk cartilage, which allows the contents to protrude through it, putting pressure on the spinal nerve roots  also called slipped disk, ruptured disk, herniated intervertebral disk, or herniated

nucleus pulposus

Med Terms ( not from word parts ) [Disease and Disorders]

Term

 Lyme disease

Definition

 an infection caused by a bacteria carried by deer ticks and transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected tick.   Symptoms, caused by the body’s immune response to the bacteria, vary and may include a rash at the site of the tick bite and flulike symptoms such as fever, headache, joint pain, and fatigue First reported in Lyme, Conn., in 1975. The primary treatment is antibiotics. Left untreated, Lyme disease can mimic several other musculoskeletal diseases

Med Terms ( not from word parts ) [Disease and Disorders]

Term

 osteoporosis

Definition

 abnormal loss of bone density that may lead to an increase in fractures of the ribs, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, hips, and wrists after slight trauma (occurs predominantly in postmenopausal women)

Med Terms (from word parts) [Surgical Terms]

Definition Terms

          aponeurorrhaphy arthrocentesis arthroclasia arthrodesis arthroplasty bursectomy carpectomy chondrectomy chondroplasty costectomy

Med Terms (from word parts) [Surgical Terms]

Definition Terms

          cranioplasty craniotomy diskectomy laminectomy maxillectomy meniscectomy myorrhphy ostectomy osteoclasis patellectomy

Med Terms (from word parts) [Surgical Terms]

Definition Terms

        phalangectomy rachiotomy spondylosyndesis synovectomy tarsectomy tenomyoplasty tenorrhaphy vertebroplasty

Med Terms (from word parts) [Diagnostic Terms]

Terms Definition

DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING  arthrography ENDOSCOPY  arthroscopy OTHER  electromyogram

Med Terms (from word parts) [Complementary Terms]

Definition Terms

          arthralgia atrophy bradykinesia carpal clavicular cranial dyskinesia dystrophy femoral humeral

Med Terms (from word parts) [Complementary Terms]

Definition Terms

          hyperkinesia hypertrophy iliofemoral intercostal intervertebral intracranial ischiofibular ischiopubic lumbar lumbocostal

Med Terms (from word parts) [Complementary Terms]

Definition Terms

          lumbosacral osteoblast osteocyte osteonecrosis pelvic pelvisacral pubic pubofemoral radial sacral

Med Terms (from word parts) [Complementary Terms]

Definition Terms

         sternoclavicular sternoid subcostal submandibular submaxillary subscapular substernal suprapatellar suprascapular

Med Terms (from word parts) [Complementary Terms]

Definition Terms

    symphysis tibial ulnoradial vertebrocostal

Med Terms ( not from word parts ) [Complementary Terms]

Terms

 podiatrist  chiropractic   chiropractor crepitus

Definition

    specialist in treating and diagnosing diseases and disorders of the foot, including medical and surgical treatment system of treatment that consists of manipulation of the vertebral column specialist in chiropractic the crackling sound heard when two bones rub against each other or grating caused by the rubbing together of dry surfaces of a joint (crepitation)

Med Terms ( not from word parts ) [Complementary Terms]

Term

 orthopedics   orthopedist orthotics  orthotist  

Definition

  branch of medicine dealing with the study and treatment of diseases and abnormalities of the musculoskeletal system physician who specializes in orthopedics making and fitting of orthopedic appliances, such as arch supports, used to support, align, prevent or correct deformities a person who specializes in orthotics

Med Terms ( not from word parts ) [Complementary Terms]

Term

 osteoclast   osteopath osteopathy

Definition

   type of bone cell involved in absorption and removal of bone minerals. It works in balance with osteoblasts to maintain healthy bone tissue physician who specializes in osteopathy system of medicine that uses the usual forms of diagnosis and treatment but places greater emphasis on the role of the relation between body organs and the musculoskeletal system; manipulation may be used in addition to other treatments

Med Terms ( not from word parts ) [Complementary Terms]

Term

 prosthesis (pl. prostheses)

Definition

 an artificial substitute for a missing body part such as a leg, eye, or total hip replacement