Basic Fire Attack - Dallas Fire Rescue Explorers
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Transcript Basic Fire Attack - Dallas Fire Rescue Explorers
Basic Fire Attack
Dallas Fire Rescue Explorers
Basic Fire Attack
Overview of Fire Attack
Rescue Activities
Exposure Protection
Fire Confinement
Fire Extinguishment
Overhaul
Ventilation
Property Conservation
Coordinated Fire Attack
Rescue
Immediate rescue attempted only in
extreme cases
Aid rescue by placing protective streams
between victims and fire
Water is essential to search & rescue
operations
Primary function during rescue is to
contain fire and keep it from spreading
Water Essential to Rescue
Separate fire from people closest to it
Control interior stairways and corridors for
evacuating occupants and advancing
firefighters
Protect firefighters searching above and
around the fire
Exposure Protection
Convection
Radiation
Conduction
Convection
Travel of heat through motion of heated
matter
Convection
Smoke
Hot air
Heated gases
Flying embers
Convection
Presents greatest fire fighting problem
Smoke moves vertically and horizontallymushrooming
A separate fire may ignite from hot air and
combustion products rising
Radiation
Travel of heat through space
(electromagnetic waves)
Radiation
Unaffected by wind
Radiated evenly in all directions
Will pass through water; stream must be
directed on surface
Travel blocked by solid surfaces
Can pass through glass
Conduction
Travel of heat through a solid body
Conduction
Through walls and floors by way of pipes,
metal girders and joists.
May cause steel building and roof supports
to collapse.
Exposure Protection
Second only to rescue on list of basic
objectives
Structures near fire building (exterior
exposures) and parts of fire building not
involved (interior exposures)
Exposure Protection
Exposure Coverage
Interior Exposures
Exterior Exposures
Exposure Coverage
Structure or materials closest to fire
covered first
When exposures are fairly close, most
vulnerable areas just above fire
Interior Exposures
Fire in concealed spaces, especially in
walls, ceilings and floors
Vertical fire spread
Horizontal fire spread
Open interior spread
Exterior Exposures
Spacing between fire and exposure
Building construction and materials
Intensity and size of fire
Location of fire
Fire Confinement Activities
Determine Fuel Load
Establish Water Supply
Select Adequate Hose Lines
Basement Fires
Determine Fuel Load
Consists of interior surfaces, furnishings
and contents for interior fires
Exterior surfaces when fire has extended
Factors affecting fuel load
Type of fuel involved
Quantity of fuel
Arrangement of fuel
Establish Water Supply
Hose lays can be accomplished with either
single or multiple lines, dependent upon
A. flow requirements
B. length of lay
C. size of hose
Select Adequate Hose Line
Consider limitations of various size hoses
Basement Fires
Use all openings for attack
Requires full ventilation of basement and
first floor
Stairways and other openings major
channels for vertical spread
Know escape routes
Communications
Fire Extinguishment Activities
Effective Stream Operation
Back-Up Lines
Advancing Lines
Choosing Right Line
More than One Line
Effective Stream Operation
Stay Low
Position on same side of door
Bleed line prior to entering
Hit ceiling first if fire is rolling
Sweep floor to cool contents
Only open when fire is seen
Direct at base if localized
Effective Stream Operations
Lower stream as advance is made to hit
main body of fire
Shut down when main fire is knocked
down
If is area is very hot and no fire found,
consider fire below you
Attacking basements should be done with
straight stream
Effective Stream Operations
Fog should be restricted to unoccupied confined spaces
If building is ventilated, fog stream may be used; no
more than 30 degree angle
Large intense fire can be knocked down with larger lines
then make interior attack
Back-Up Lines
Used when initial lines cannot quickly
control a fire
Held in readiness for use in place of attack
lines
Stretched when not obvious initial attack
put out fire
Taken into building immediately after
initial attack lines
Back-Up Lines
Position close to initial
attack line
Have charged and ready
to use
May be used by RIT
operations if needed.
Back-up with same size
line of initial attack or
larger
Ideally from different
pump
Overhaul Activities
Examine Fire Scene
What to Look For
Where to Look
Examine Scene
Make certain no trace of fire remains; hot
spots
Leave structure in as safe a condition as
possible
Pre-inspection to make sure overhaul is
safe to do
Personnel protective gear as needed and
determined by command
Safe air
What To Look For
Flames
Smoke
Heat (Thermal Imaging Camera)
Strong odors
Charring
Holes in floors
Unstable building systems
Where To Look
Walls and ceilings
Areas above fire
Shafts
Cabinets and compartments
Window and door facings
Soffits
Balloon Frame Construction
Ventilation Defined
The process of
making openings in
building or exposure
to allow heat and
products of
combustion to leave
the building
Purpose of Ventilation
Reduces danger to trapped victims and
extends time for rescue
Increases visibility
Permits quicker entry and advancement
Minimizes time it takes to find seat of fire
Minimizes time it takes to find fire spread
Decreases or stops fire spread
Reduces chance of flashover or backdraft
Results of Ventilation
Depend on size and type of occupancy
involved
Depends on extent and location of fire
Weather conditions
Result of Ventilation
Increases effectiveness of all operations
Aids in saving lives
Openings allow heat and combustion
products to exit by natural convection
Windows can be opened; not
automatically broken
PPV fans and smoke ejectors
Hydraulic ventilation
Coordinated Fire Attack
Staffing single most
important part of
engine company
Failure to consider
safety could be
negligent on part of
leadership of
department
Coordinated Fire Attack
At least two (2) firefighters enter IDLH
atmosphere and remain in visual or voice
contact at all times
At least two (2) firefighters are located
outside the IDLH atmosphere for rescue
Lack of additional personnel is not meant
to preclude firefighters from performing
emergency rescue activities before an
entire team has assembles
Coordinated Fire Attack
Size-Up
The sequence of thoughts and mental
activity carried out by the individual in
charge
Size-Up
Begins upon receipt of
alarm
May be carried out many
times and by different
individuals during the
alarm
Responsibility initially lies
with officer in charge of
first arriving unit
As higher ranking officers
arrive, command can be
passed
Size-Up
Properly done will result in safe, timely,
and efficient control of an emergency
situation
Care to be exercised to insure the total
problem is evaluated
Must be dynamic, continuing throughout
all phases of the operation
Size-Up for Rescue
Officer of first arriving unit must first
consider the rescue problem and
determine if such conditions exist
Risk/Benefit
Size-Up for Rescue
Problems found for rescue, all activities
undertaken should be directed towards relieving
the rescue problems
All resources and activities should be directed
towards fixing rescue problem
Nothing done by way of an attack effort should
interfere with or restrict rescue efforts
Allocation for tools & equipment should favor
those involved in the rescue effort
Size-Up for Rescue
Ventilation, point of entry
and the placement of
hose lines should be
aimed toward protecting
those in immediate
danger and the crews
involved in rescue efforts
Possible that hose lines
will be used to support
rescue with no attempt to
extinguish or even
confine the fire
Size-Up for Rescue
Time is critical, each
minute of continued
exposure of victim
reduces chances for
safe rescue
Life safety is first and
primary consideration
in all fireground
activities
Size-Up for Confinement
First concern must be for adjacent
exposures to which fire can spread
Attack must be toward cutting off route of
fire to uninvolved structures or exposures
Attacking only main body of fire with no
thought to exposures could result in larger
fire
Size-Up for Confinement
First extension is normally vertical
Unable to spread vertically with result in
horizontally or crawling
If both vertical and horizontal spread are
prohibited, fire will spread down
Working knowledge of building
construction features will assist in
preventing spread of fire
Size-Up for Confinement
Fire will continue to burn unchecked
unless:
1. All fuel is consumed (we lost it)
2. Oxygen supply is depleted
3. Rate of heat release is reduced to a
point where the process is no
longer
sustained
Size-Up for Extinguishment
Nature of fuel involved
Quantity of fuel involved
Physical arrangement of fuel involved
Accessibility
Rural or City Water
Personnel
Capabilities
Fuels Involved
Flammable liquids
Combustible liquids
Polycarbonate solids
Ordinary combustibles
Special hazards
Accessibility
Apparatus
Size of building
Type of construction
Security Feature
Time of Day