Transcript Intro to Nano-Slide Deck (Lizzie Hager

NANO 101:
EXPLORING THE
NANOWORLD
Lizzie Hager-Barnard, Lawrence Hall of Science
Topics

What is nano?

How do properties change at the nanoscale?

Are nano products safe?

What are some careers related to nanotechnology?
Intro to Nano
http://www.nisenet.org/catalog/media/intro_nano_video
How Small is Nano?
http://www.nisenet.org/catalog/media/how_small_nano_video
What is Nanotechnology?
Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at
unprecedentedly small scales to create new or
improved products that can be used in a wide
variety of ways.
http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind12/pdf/c07.pdf
Nanotechnology: Small, Different, New
Key ideas:
1. The nanometer is extremely small.
2. At the nanometer scale, materials may behave differently.
3. We can harness this new behavior to make new
technologies.
Why Nano Education?
Drawbacks



Not inherently interesting
(compared to dinosaurs!)
Below visible threshold,
younger kids have
problems visualizing
Unexpected properties
Advantages




Fun!
Breaks down disciplinary
boundaries
Cutting-edge
Relevant to future jobs
and careers
Nano Not Widely Understood
National Science Board's Science
and Engineering Indicators 2012
“24% of Americans report
having heard ‘a lot’ or ‘some’
about nanotechnology, up four
percentage points from 2008
and 2006”
“44% of Americans report
having heard ‘nothing at all’
about nanotechnology”
Americans remain largely
unfamiliar with nanotechnology, despite
increased funding and a
growing numbers of
products on the market
that use nanotechnology.
http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind12/pdf/c07.pdf
An Interdisciplinary Endeavor
Chemistry
Biology
Physics
Engineering
Nanoscience
& Nanotechnology
Medicine
Biotechnology
Materials Science
Information Technology
What is Nano?
How Big is a Nanometer?
http://www.nisenet.org/catalog
How Big is a Nanometer?
http://www.nisenet.org/catalog
How Big is a Nanometer?
http://www.nisenet.org/catalog
How Big is a Nanometer?
http://www.nisenet.org/catalog
How Big is a Nanometer?
http://www.nisenet.org/catalog
How Big is a Nanometer?
http://www.nisenet.org/catalog
How Big is a Nanometer?
http://www.nisenet.org/catalog
How Big is a Nanometer?
http://www.nisenet.org/catalog
How Big is a Nanometer?
http://www.nisenet.org/catalog
How Big is a Nanometer?
http://www.nisenet.org/catalog
How Big is a Nanometer?
http://www.nisenet.org/catalog
How Big is a Nanometer?

In the time it takes to read this sentence, your
fingernails will have grown approximately one
nanometer (1 nm).
www.starling-fitness.com
How Big is a Nanometer?

If you could paint a teaspoon of paint one nanometer
thick, how much area would it cover?
?
Joon Han and Justin Smith / Wikimedia Commons
How Big is a Nanometer?

If you could paint a teaspoon of paint one nanometer
thick, how much area would it cover?
Joon Han, Justin Smith, Kbh3rd, The Anomebot, Pete Markham / Wikimedia Commons
How Big is a Nanometer?

To cover a football field with a 1nm thick layer of
paint, you would need just 1 teaspoon of paint!
Joon Han and Justin Smith / Wikimedia Commons
How Big is a Nanometer?
Sugar cubes


How many sugar
molecules in a sugar cube?
What do we need to know
(estimate)?



Sugar cube = (1 cm)3
1 sugar molecule = (1 nm)3
\ 1021 sugar molecules in a
sugar cube
Biswarup Ganguly / Wikimedia Commons
Activity: Measure Yourself
http://www.nisenet.org/catalog
Did Scientists “Create” Nano?

No, it was already in nature!
centimeters to micrometers
micrometers
http://www.nisenet.org/catalog
nanometers
Did Scientists “Create” Nano?

No, it was already in nature!
centimeters to micrometers
micrometers
http://www.nisenet.org/catalog
nanometers
Smallness Leads to New Properties
Sometimes gravity loses!
http://www.nisenet.org/catalog
Smallness Leads to New Properties
Surface area is
really important!
http://www.nisenet.org/catalog
Surface Areas at the Nanoscale
1 cm cubes
1 mm cubes
1 nm cubes
http://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/special
How Surface Area Scales (Changes)
For a fixed total
volume, decreasing
the radius by a factor
of two doubles the
surface
Crushing a 1cm
particle into nano
particles increases the
surface area
thousands of times!
33
How Surface Area Scales (Changes)
1 nm particles  1010 m2
1 micron particles  107 m2
1 cm particles  103 m2
nano
34
Smallness Leads to New Properties
Bulk Aluminum
Nano Aluminum
Reactivity
Melting point
Strength
Conductivity
Color
Bulk Gold
Nano Gold
http://www.carterrecycling.com/myimages/aluminum_cans.jpg http://healthewoman.org/2008/11/11/how-healthy-is-your-workplace/
http://mrsec.wisc.edu/Edetc/nanolab/gold/images/goldp6.jpg http://texasenterprise.org/article/warren-buffet-and-new-calculus-gold
Nano and Me - Aluminum
http://www.nisenet.org/catalog
Stained Glass: Size Matters
Gold particles
http://www.cas.muohio.edu/nanotech/education/k_12.html
http://www.horiba.com/scientific/
Stained Glass: Size and Shape Matter
Controlling the Quantum World: The Science of Atoms, Molecules, and Photons, 2007
Stained Glass: Size and Shape Matter
Controlling the Quantum World: The Science of Atoms, Molecules, and Photons, 2007
Stained Glass: Size and Shape Matter
Controlling the Quantum World: The Science of Atoms, Molecules, and Photons, 2007
Stained Glass: Size and Shape Matter
Particle shape also affects the color!
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Native_gold_nuggets.jpg
http://www.cat.gov.in/technology/laser/lpas/pps.html
Activity: Nano Fabric and Magic Sand
http://www.nisenet.org/catalog
http://www.stevespanglerscience.com/product/magic-sand
Activity: Nano Fabric
air
water
nano-roughened surface
http://www.nisenet.org/catalog
Zoom into a Lotus Leaf
http://www.nisenet.org/catalog
Activity: Nano Sunblock


http://www.nisenet.org/catalog
Some sunscreen use
chemicals
Other sunscreens use
zinc oxide
vitaderminstitute.com/
Sunscreens vs Sunblocks, Continued
How could sunscreen and sunblock work?
Sunscreen/Sunblock
Skin
Absorption
Sunscreen/Sunblock
Sunscreen/Sunblock
Skin
Skin
Reflection
Transmission
46
Sunscreens vs Sunblocks, Continued
How could sunscreen and sunblock work?
Sunscreen/Sunblock
Skin
Absorption
Sunscreen/Sunblock
Skin
Reflection
Sunscreens and sunblocks both usually work through absorption of UV rays
47
Sunblocks are better because they absorb more of the UV rays
Sunscreen/Sunblock
Skin
Transmission
Inorganic Sunblocks Absorb UV Better
ideal
UVB UVA
visible
48
Nano Sunblock
Traditional zinc oxide sun
blocks are very visible
vitaderminstitute.com/
Modern zinc oxide sun blocks are
fairly invisible after application
http://www.tackletour.com/reviewbluelizard.html
Nano Sunblock
Same black:white ratio
Can see larger white circles much better
http://www.nisenet.org/catalog
Nano Sunblock
Particles need to be really small to be less noticeable!
Nano ZnO and TiO2 Reflect Less
Light
UVB UVA
visible
ideal
52
Similar to Halftone Printing
http://desktoppub.about.com/od/scanninggraphics/ss/color_to_bw_6.htm
Activity: Gummy Capsules
When the liquid droplets come into
contact with the salt water, a chemical
reaction takes place and creates a
polymer.
http://www.nisenet.org/catalog
What’s a Polymer?
Polymers are made up of many many molecules all strung together to
form really long chains (and sometimes more complicated structures, too).
Examples of polymers
Where do you find polymers?
http://pslc.ws/macrog/kidsmac/index.htm
Activity: Graphene
http://www.nisenet.org/catalog
Forms of Carbon
Diamond
Graphite
Diamond
Graphite
Graphene
Nanotube
Buckyball
Phase can be really important!
Structure/bonding really affect properties
• Diamond is one of the hardest materials
• Graphite is soft and slippery; it’s a good
lubricant
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diamond_and_graphite2.jpg
http://www.intechopen.com/source/html/16991/media/image2.png
Activity: Mitten Challenge
http://www.nisenet.org/catalog
Why We Need “Special” Microscopes

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Can you see nanoscale objects with a regular
optical microscope?
Let’s say that the smallest object you can resolve
with your eyes is about 0.1 – 0.2 mm which is
100,000 – 200,000 nm
With a 100x objective, you should be able to
resolve objects that are 1000 – 2000 nm
So, with a 1000x objective, we should be able to
resolve objects that are 100 – 200nm, right?
Why We Need “Special” Microscopes

Can you see nanoscale objects with a regular
optical microscope?
100 nm
particle
Particles on the
nanoscale interact
differently with light!
http://www.yorktech.com/science/craig/PHS/Graphics/EM_spectrum.jpg
Diffraction Limit
Diffraction
Model


Affects characterization
techniques
Also important for
photolithography
http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/wave-interference
http://cnx.org/content/m25448/latest/graphics1.jpg
Types of “Special” Microscopes
Optical
microscope
Scanning
electron
microscope
Transmission
electron
microscope
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_microscope
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope
http://itg.beckman.illinois.edu/microscopy_suite/equipment/TEM/
Types of “Special” Microscopes
Scanning
electron
microscope
Transmission
electron
microscope
http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/science-facilities/analytical-imaging/imaging/high-resolution-sem/ultra-plus/examples/index.html
http://www.princeton.edu/~cml/html/research/templated_ceramics.html
Activity: Special Microscopes
http://www.nisenet.org/catalog
A Boy And His Atom: The World's Smallest Movie
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oSCX78-8-q0
Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM)
http://virtual.itg.uiuc.edu/training/AFM_tutorial/
Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM)
Images of a fibroblast cell
from an optical microscope
(using fluorescence) and an
atomic force microscope
http://www.nisenet.org/catalog/programs/exploring_tools_-_special_microscopes_nanodays_08_09_10_11
http://www.asylumresearch.com/Gallery
What Can You Do with SPM?
 Measure
surface topography
(“hills”, “valleys”)
 Measure
roughness
http://www.asylumresearch.com/Gallery
What Can You Do with SPM?
 Measure
surface topography
(“hills”, “valleys”)
 Measure
roughness
 Measure
electrical/chemical
properties
Müller et al. Nature Chemical Biology 2009
Müller and Dufrêne Nature Nanotechnology 2008
What Can You Do with SPM?
 Measure
surface topography
(“hills”, “valleys”)
 Measure
roughness
 Measure
electrical/chemical
properties
 Measure
material properties
(elasticity, strength)
(i) cancer cell
(ii) normal cell
Cross Nature 2007
What Can You Do with SPM?
 Measure
surface topography
(“hills”, “valleys”)
 Measure
all cells
roughness
 Measure
electrical/chemical
properties
material properties
(elasticity, strength)
cancer cells
 Measure
normal cells
Cross Nature 2007
What Can You Do with SPM?
 Measure
surface topography
(“hills”, “valleys”)
 Measure
roughness
 Measure
electrical/chemical
properties
 Measure
material properties
(elasticity, strength)
 Move
atoms!
http://www.thenanoage.com/visualization-manipulation.htm
Silver: Great Idea!

Used to prevent spoilage throughout history

1800’s: silver used for ulcers

1920’s: used in wound management

Multiple studies found it prevents and inhibits the growth
of bacteria
Nano Silver Products
http://www.samsung.com/, http://www.conair.com/, http://www.diabeticsocks4less.com/diabeticcare, http://mrsec.wisc.edu/
Silver: Always a Good Idea?


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Overdose of macro silver causes Argyria
Inhibits “good bacteria”
Prevents photosynthesis in algae
Toxicity of nano silver still unknown
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyria
Wonders and Worries of Nano
http://www.nisenet.org/catalog
Consumer Products with Nano
Any technology has risks and
benefits
Who should make decisions
about whether to use certain
nanotechnologies?
Should doctors use nanosilver
catheters to prevent infections?
What about using a nanosilver
washing machine?
http://www.nisenet.org/catalog
Would you use a dangerous technology?
Gasoline can be
dangerous, too!
To make gas safer, there
are regulations for
producing, transporting
and using it safely
How can we think ahead
so we reduce the risks
associate with new
nanotechnologies?
http://www.nisenet.org/catalog
Applications of Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology could change
how we create, transmit, store,
and use energy
Examples:
super-efficient batteries, lowresistance transmission lines,
cheaper solar cells
New flexible, thin film solar
cells are easier to produce
and install, use less material,
and are cheaper to make
http://www.nisenet.org/catalog
Nanofiltration for Clean Water
In many places, people do
not have access to clean
water
Nanofiltration systems are
a promising solution to this
problem
http://www.nisenet.org/catalog
Nanofiltration for Clean Water
http://www.lifesaversystems.com/press-media/videos
Nanofiltration for Clean Water
http://www.lifesaversystems.com
An Interdisciplinary Endeavor
Engineering
Physics
Chemistry
Medicine
Nanoscience
&
Nanotechnology
Materials Science
Biotechnology
Biology
Information Technology
Do You Love Nano, Too?
http://www.nisenet.org/catalog