Chapter 19 Review

Earthquakes

Movement occurs along fractures in rocks when _____.

1. stress equals the strength of the rocks involved 2. stress overcomes the strength of the rocks involved 3. stress is applies to the rocks involved 4. stress is less than the rocks involved 0% 1 0% 2 0% 3 0% 4

The strain which causes a material to twist is known as

1. stress 2. compression 3. tension 4. shear

0% 1 0% 2 0% 3 0% 4

The strain which causes a material to pull apart is known as

1. stress 2. compression 3. tension 4. shear

0% 1 0% 2 0% 3 0% 4

1.

2.

3.

4.

P-waves and S-waves are also known as ____.

surface waves ground waves body waves first waves

25% 25% 25% 25% 1 2 3 4

Which point marks the epicenter of the earthquake?

1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D

0% 1 0% 2 0% 3 0% 4

At which point will the most damage as a result of the earthquake occur?

1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D

1 0% 0% 2 0% 3 0% 4

What is true about the focus?

1. It is the point where the most surface damage will occur.

2. It is the point where the surface waves originate and spread out.

3. It is the point where the waves are attracted.

4. It is the point of failure where the waves originate.

1 0% 0% 0% 0% 2 3 4

What keeps the stable part of this seismometer from moving during an earthquake?

1. inertia 2. gravity 3. its mass 4. its location 1 0% 0% 0% 0% 2 3 4

Which part of the seismometer does not shake during an earthquake?

1. the frame 2. the spring 3. the rotating drum 4. the pendulum and pen 1 0% 0% 0% 0% 2 3 4

Use the graph to answer the questions.

A seismogram is located 4500 miles away from the epicenter of an earthquake. What is the difference in time between when the P-waves reach the seismogram and the S-waves reach the seismogram?

1. 5 1/2 minutes 2. 6 minutes 3. 10 minutes 4. 22 minutes 1 0% 0% 2 0% 3 0% 4

Which type of material would be best to use for construction in an area prone to earthquakes?

1. Concrete 2. Brick 3. Wood 4. Stone 0% 1 0% 2 0% 3 0% 4

Organize the locations from lowest to highest hazard.

1. B, A, D, C 2. C, D, A, B 3. A, B, C, D 4. B, A, C, D Location Earthquake History Strain Buildup Rate A B C D many earthquakes few earthquakes many earthquakes many earthquakes slow moderate fast moderate 0% 0% 0% 0% 1 2 3 4

Seismologists have assessed a particular area and predict that an earthquake occurs every 17 years in that area. If the last earthquake occurred in 1998, when will the next earthquake most likely occur?

1. 2010 2. 2015 3. 2017 4. 2025 0% 1 0% 2 0% 3 0% 4

Over the past 250 years a city has experienced 23 earthquakes at rather regular intervals. Approximately how often have these earthquakes occurred?

1. every 50 years 2. every 10 years 3. every 100 years 4. every 5 years 0% 1 0% 2 0% 3 0% 4

A city is located over an active fault, but has not experienced an earthquake for a long period of time. The city is most likely located where?

1. over a seismic gap 2. in an area of low recurrence 3. over minimal strain accumulation 4. at a location of low seismic risk 0% 1 0% 2 0% 3 0% 4

____ and the amount of strain released during the last quake are used in earthquake probability studies.

1. Seismic belts 2. Strain accumulation 3. Fault scarps 4. Tsunamis 0% 1 0% 2 0% 3 0% 4

On a seismometer, vibrations of the ground do not move the ____.

1. frame 2. spring 3. recording drum 4. suspended mass 0% 1 0% 2 0% 3 0% 4

A ____ fault forms as a result of horizontal compression.

1. blind 2. normal 3. strike-slip 4. reverse 0% 1 0% 2 0% 3 0% 4

The San Andreas Fault, a result of horizontal shear, is a ____ fault.

1. blind 2. normal 3. strike-slip 4. reverse 0% 1 0% 2 0% 3 0% 4

The locations of seismic belts are determined by plotting ____.

1. earthquake epicenters 2. seismic gaps 3. earthquake foci 4. epicentral distances 0% 1 0% 2 0% 3 0% 4

A numerical scale of earthquake magnitude that takes into account the size of the fault rupture is the ____.

1. Richter scale 2. modified Mercalli scale 3. moment magnitude scale 4. epicentral distance scale 1 0% 0% 0% 0% 2 3 4

Deaths associated with earthquake deaths in sloping areas can result from 1. tsunamis.

2. landslides.

3. formation of fault scarps.

4. surface ruptures.

0% 1 0% 2 0% 3 0% 4

Does not pass through Earth’s liquid outer core 1. surface wave 2. P-wave 3. S-wave 0% 1 0% 2 0% 3

Does not pass through Earth’s interior at all 1. surface wave 2. P-wave 3. S-wave 0% 1 0% 2 0% 3

Squeezes and pulls rocks in same direction as the save travels 1. surface wave 2. P-wave 3. S-wave 0% 1 0% 2 0% 3

Is refracted by Earth’s core 1. surface wave 2. P-wave 3. S-wave 0% 1 0% 2 0% 3

Absence of this kind of waves results in a shadow zone 1. surface wave 2. P-wave 3. S-wave 0% 1 0% 2 0% 3

Causes structures to sink into the ground 1. Liquefaction of soils 2. Collapse of higher, intact floors onto ground floors 3. Vertical motions of the seafloor during an earthquake 4. Natural sway of intermediate buildings equals the period of vibration of the earthquake 1 0% 0% 0% 0% 2 3 4

Type of structural failure called “pancaking” 1. Liquefaction of soils 2. Collapse of higher, intact floors onto ground floors 3. Vertical motions of the seafloor during an earthquake 4. Natural sway of intermediate buildings equals the period of vibration of the earthquake 1 0% 0% 0% 0% 2 3 4

Type of structural failure related to building height 1. Liquefaction of soils 2. Collapse of higher, intact floors onto ground floors 3. Vertical motions of the seafloor during an earthquake 4. Natural sway of intermediate buildings equals the period of vibration of the earthquake 1 0% 0% 2 0% 0% 3 4

Results in a tsunami 1. Liquefaction of soils 2. Collapse of higher, intact floors onto ground floors 3. Vertical motions of the seafloor during an earthquake 4. Natural sway of intermediate buildings equals the period of vibration of the earthquake 1 0% 0% 0% 0% 2 3 4

Section of an active fault that has not experienced a significant earthquake for a long time 1. modified Mercalli scale 2. magnitude 3. stress 4. fault 5. tsunami 6. strain 7. seismic gap 8. surface wave 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Rates earthquake intensity 1. modified Mercalli scale 2. magnitude 3. stress 4. fault 5. tsunami 6. strain 7. seismic gap 8. surface wave 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Wave generated by vertical motions of the seafloor 1. modified Mercalli scale 2. magnitude 3. stress 4. fault 5. tsunami 6. strain 7. seismic gap 8. surface wave 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Seismic wave that causes the ground to move in two directions 1. modified Mercalli scale 2. magnitude 3. stress 4. fault 5. tsunami 6. strain 7. seismic gap 8. surface wave 0% 1 0% 2 0% 3 0% 4 0% 5 0% 6 0% 0% 7 8

Forces per unit area acting on a material 1. modified Mercalli scale 2. magnitude 3. stress 4. fault 5. tsunami 6. strain 7. seismic gap 8. surface wave 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Measure of the energy released by a quake 1. modified Mercalli scale 2. magnitude 3. stress 4. fault 5. tsunami 6. strain 7. seismic gap 8. surface wave 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Deformation of materials in response to stress 1. modified Mercalli scale 2. magnitude 3. stress 4. fault 5. tsunami 6. strain 7. seismic gap 8. surface wave 0% 0% 0% 0% 1 2 3 4 0% 0% 0% 0% 5 6 7 8

Fracture in rock along which movement occurs 1. modified Mercalli scale 2. magnitude 3. stress 4. fault 5. tsunami 6. strain 7. seismic gap 8. surface wave 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Most rocks that exist in Earth’s crust are brittle but become ductile at great depths where temperatures are cooler.

1. True 2. False

0% 1 0% 2

Seismic belts are relatively narrow and tend to follow tectonic plate boundaries.

1. True 2. False 0% 1 0% 2

If two seismic stations receive data from an earthquake, the quake’s location can be computed if P-waves, S-waves, and surface waves have been received.

1. True 2. False

0% 1 0% 2

The fact that a significant earthquake has not occurred within a seismic gap indicates that an earthquake is more likely to occur in the near future.

1. True 2. False

0% 1 0% 2

On a seismometer, the suspended mass tends to stay at rest during an earthquake because of inertia.

1. True 2. False

0% 1 0% 2

A seismometer is designed so that its frame vibrates with the movement of the ground.

1. True 2. False

0% 1 0% 2

The amount of damage done to structures as a result of an earthquake is the earthquake’s magnitude.

1. True 2. False

0% 1 0% 2

S-waves are refracted, or bent, by Earth’s outer core.

1. True 2. False

0% 1 0% 2