β Proteobacteria - Dr. Jennifer Staiger
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Transcript β Proteobacteria - Dr. Jennifer Staiger
http://www.brighton.ac.uk/pharmacy/staff/savinairina/6days_fibroblasts.jpg
β PROTEOBACTERIA
By: Michael Foster and Heather Gula
Mostly chemoautotrophic bacteria
Can be aerobic or facultative
anaerobes
Some chemolithotrophs,
chemoorganotrophs, and photoautotrophs
Cell forms variable
Rods, cocci, spiral, and filaments
Highly versatile in their degradation
capacities
Some play important role in nitrogen
fixation in plants
Energy provided by small inorganic
compounds which is converted to
necessary organic compounds
Motile and Non Motile forms (presence
and absence of flagella)
Often found in waste water and soil
Gram Negative
http://www.mpi-bremen.de/Binaries/Binary11732/T11-1_(4)_(DAPI%252BFITC).JPG
β Proteobacteria Characteristics
Classification of β Proteobacteria
distinguished by:
Cell shape
Presence or absence
of flagella
Metabolic
requirements
Environment
commonly found in
http://www.life.umd.edu/classroom/bsci424/BSCI223WebSiteFiles/BetaProteobacteria.gif
Often classified and
Order: Burkholderiales
phenotype
metabolism
environment
Typically aerobes or facultative
anaerobes
Normally are motile with a single
polar flagellum or tuft of flagella
Some are chemoorganotrophs or
chemolithotrophs
Order containing pathogenic
bacteria genuses Burkholderia and
Bordetella
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Burkholderia_pseudomall
ei_01.jpg/240px-Burkholderia_pseudomallei_01.jpg
Very diverse:
Mostly motile
Often obligate aerobes
Typically rod shaped
Both human and plant
pathogens
Can be environmentally
important
Commonly found in soil and
groundwater worldwide
http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/images/thumb/c/c4/Burkholderia.jpg/450pxBurkholderia.jpg
Burkholderia
Causes common infection known as Glanders
Coccobacillus
Aerobic and non-motile
Little known about the virulence factors of this organism
Primarily a disease affecting horses
Also affects donkeys, mules, and other mammals such as
goats, dogs, and cats.
No naturally acquired cases of this disease have occurred in the
U.S. in over 60 years
Potential agent for biological warfare and of biological
terrorism
Transmitted to humans through contact with tissues or body
fluids of infected animals.
Enter the body through cuts or abrasions in the skin, through
mucosal surfaces such as the eyes and nose.
May be inhaled via infected aerosols or dust contaminated by
infected animals
http://www.sciencephoto.com/images/download_wm_image.html/B220423Coloured_TEM_of_Coxiella_burnetti-SPL.jpg%3Fid%3D662200423
Burkholderia mallei and Glanders
Burkholderia mallei and Glanders (cont.)
Types of Glanders infection:
Localized pus-forming cutaneous
infections
Pulmonary infections
Bloodstream infections
Chronic suppurative infections.
Generalized symptoms:
fever with chills and sweating, muscle aches
chest pain
muscle tightness and headache
mucopurulent nasal discharge and light
sensitivity with excessive tearing of the eyes
Diagnosed by isolating B. mallei from
blood, sputum, urine, or skin lesions
Glanders Treatment
No vaccine available
there is limited use of antibiotics to
treat the infection
Main treatment is the sulfa-based
drug called sulfadiazine.
inhibitor of the bacterial enzyme
dihydropteroate synthetase
Burkholderia mallei is sometimes
sensitive to tetracyclines,
ciprofloxacin, streptomycin,
novobiocin, gentamicin, imipenem,
ceftrazidime, and other
sulfonamides.
http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSYQ2bwjB6gEH
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Because Glanders is rare in humans,
Burkholderia pseudomallei
polar flagellum
Aerobic and non-spore forming.
Found in contaminated water, soil,
and market produce.
Potential agent for biological
warfare
Accidental pathogen
Spread through direct contact
with contaminated source
Invades cells, polymerises actin,
and is to spread from cell to cell,
causing cell fusion and the
formation of multinucleate giant
cells
Causitive agent of melioidosis
http://cns.miis.edu/cbw/images/burkholderia_mallei.jpg
Rod shaped and motile with a
Melioidosis
Observed in humans and animals located in tropical climates.
Usually acquired by inhaling contaminated dust, ingestion of contaminated
water, contact with contaminated soil especially through skin abrasions.
Person to person transmission is rare
localized infection
acute pulmonary infection
acute bloodstream infection
disseminated infection
http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v4/n4/images/nrmicro1385-f1.jpg
Categorized as :
The incubation period of the infection is not clearly defined
Could be between a day and a year
Symptoms appear two to four weeks after exposure.
Symptoms include:
Fever
Headache
Muscle soreness
Abdominal pain
Diagnosed by isolating B. pseudomallei from the blood, urine, sputum, skin lesions, or
from organ abscesses.
Can be treated with many antibiotics but the one of choice is ceftazidime
inhibits cell wall synthesis
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Melioidosis (cont)
Non-motile
Non-spore forming
Strict aerobes
Rod-shaped
Fastidious- requires many nutrients
Both human and animal pathogen
B. pertussi- strict human pathogen
B. bronchiseptica- animal pathogen
B. avium- bird pathogen
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/archive/0/08/
20090330222759!Bordetella_bronchiseptica_01.jpg
Bordetella
Causes Pertussis (“whooping cough”)
Highly contagious respiratory disease
Coccoid
Encapsulated and immotile aerobe
Produces several virulence factors
Cannot survive in the environment
Humans are its only host
Resides in upper air pathways
Trachea
Bronchi
http://sau53.org/dcs/classes/8grade/cemetery/hill/diagram.jpg
Bordetella pertussis and Whooping Cough
Is transmitted directly from person to person through droplets of respiratory secretions that are
either coughed or sneezed into the air by an infected person
Symptoms:
Low-grade fever
Mild cough
Sneezing
Runny nose
Has been used in medicine to develop a vaccine in order to combat the deadly childhood
disease
Bordetella pertussis and Whooping Cough
(cont.)
Prevention:
A whole-cell vaccine
Vaccine uses whole dead B. pertussis cells
Treatment:
Antibiotics, usually erythromycin or erythromycin-
like antibiotics
Erythromycin is taken for 2 weeks
Inhibits proteins synthesis by binding to the 50s subunit of
the ribosome
All aerobic
Complex metabolic requirements
Variable in form
Cocci, rods, and spirals
Grow singular, in pairs, as masses, or as filaments
Most are mobile when in contact with surfaces
Generally no flagellum
http://www.nature.com/emboj/journal/v21/n4/coverfig.gif
Order: Neisseriales
Neisseria
Aerobic
Diplococci that resemble coffee beans
Non-spore forming
mammals
Sensitive to desiccation
Fastidious
http://archive.microbelibrary.org/microbelibrary/files/ccImages/Articleim
ages/Miller/Neisseria%20gonorrheae%20fig1.JPG
Usually inhabit the mucous membranes of
Causative agent of gonorrhea
Grows in the mucous membranes,
especially the mouth, throat, anus,
and in females in the cervix, fallopian
tubes, and uterus
Affects 650,000 persons per year
Passed through any type of sexual
contact and can spread from mother
to child at birth.
Pathogenic mechanism involves
attachment of the bacterium to nonciliated epithelial cells via pili
(fimbriae) and the production of
lipopolysaccharide endotoxin
Because many penicillin and
tetracycline resistant strains are
present, often treated with a 500mg
single-dose ciprofloxacin and 400mg
of ofloxacin.
Both of these antibiotics inhibit
DNA replication of bacteria cells
http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/neisseria.html
Neisseria gonorrhoea
Neisseria meningitidis
Identical in its morphological characteristics to N. gonorrhoeae except it has a
polysaccharide capsule.
Cause of meningococcal meningitis
Tends to colonize the posterior nasopharynx of humans.
Humans are the only known host
Attach to epithelial cells of the nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal mucosa,
cross the mucosal barrier, and enter the bloodstream.
Mildest form of disease is a transient bacteremic illness characterized by a fever
and malaise.
Symptoms resolve spontaneously in 1 to 2 days
Most serious form is the fulminant form of disease complicated by meningitis
Releases the endotoxin lipooligosaccharide
Primarily treated with penicillin and ceftriaxone IV
Both antibiotics prevent the synthesis of peptidoglycan, inhibiting cell wall
formation
There are vaccines available for those between the ages of 2 and 55.
Order: Nitrosomonadales
Diverse in shape
Spirals, cocci, rods, stalked cells, and pleiomorphic
cells.
chemoorganotrophs.
Oxidize ammonium to nitrite.
Contain the genuses:
Nitrosomonas
Spirillium
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thu
mb/9/9f/Spirillen.jpg/220px-Spirillen.jpg
Can be chemolithotrophs, mixotrophs, and
Spirillium
Spiral/helical cell shape
Rigid cell wall
Aerobic
Motile due to a conventional polar flagella
Mainly found in fresh water
Generally not pathogenic
http://mikroby.blox.pl/resource/spirillum1_srubowiec.jpg
Relatively large
Associated with “rat bite fever”
Cases seen in Asia and Africa
Rare in the United States
Not found in clusters or chains
http://www.cksu.com/vb/uploads/5501/1125697230.jpg
Spirillium minus
Infection caused by transfer of the bacteria through contact with
secretions or urine from the mouth, eye, or nose of an infected animal.
Usually transferred through a bite from an infected rat but squirrels,
gerbils, and weasels can also carry the disease and transfer the bacteria .
Symptoms include red or purple rash, muscle aches, chills, fever, and
headache.
Usually occur 7-21 days after exposure to an infected animal.
If left untreated heart valves can become infected and absceses can occur in
soft tissue or the brain.
Treatment for infections is penicillin
Prevents the synthesis of cross linking peptides, inhibiting cell wall
formation
Refrences
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<http://microblog.me.uk/46>.
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<http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/glanders/>.
"Ceftazidime." DrugBank. Genome Alberta and Genome Canada, 13 June 2005. Web. 04 Apr. 2011. <http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00438>.
Holt, Jack R., and Jon Niles. Systematic Biology. Jack R. Holt, 2010. Web. 4 Apr. 2011.
<http://comenius.susqu.edu/BI/202/EUBACTERIA/PROTEOBACTERIAE/BETAPROTEOBACTERIA/default.htm>.
"Melioidosis: General Information." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. USA.gov, 18 Apr. 2010. Web. 04 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/melioidosis/>.
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<http://www.drugs.com/mmx/ofloxacin.html>.
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<http://www.life.umd.edu/classroom/bsci424/BSCI223WebSiteFiles/BetaProteobacteria.gif>.
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<http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/ratbite_fever/>.
Slonczewski Stancik, Dawn M. "What Is Neisseria Gonorrhoeae and Which Antimicrobial Therapies Have Been Used?" Emerging Quinolone and Antibiotic
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<http://biology.kenyon.edu/slonc/bio38/stancikd_02/What_is_Neisseria_gonorrhoeae.html>.
"Spirillum Bacteria Information." Rat Bite Fever Symptoms Details – Rat Bite Fever Treatment. Rat-bitefever.com, 2011. Web. 04 Apr. 2011. <http://ratbitefever.com/spirillum.html>.
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<http://children.webmd.com/features/whooping-cough-what-you-need-to-know>.
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